Khaloud Bati AL-Sa'idi ? & Dr. Vladimir Dyo ? Abstract-The local remote control is the traditional mechanism in which the end user controls the air conditioner. In the absence of this mechanism, the user loses the control. This thesis aimed to design and implement a smart air conditioner using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Recent literatures were reviewed to select the most optimal platform to design and implement the project. The design of the project was then developed based on the selected platform. The project was then implemented and tested successfully. In order to validate the project, a questionnaire was carried out by potential users who tested the product on their SANYO air conditioner. All potential users were able to control their air conditioner remotely over the internet from anywhere. The smart air conditioner has absolutely no inference against real remote control. The product is cost effective, energy efficient and achieves the required automation functionality.
Introducton s it is known, the usual and traditional mechanism in which the end user controls the air conditioner is through local remote control. However, what if the local remote control is lost, broken, out of batteries or no longer available due to whatever faulty?
On the other hand, what if the air conditioner is forgotten on due to human nature and no one is available to turn it off?
How about controlling the temperature degree of your air conditioner while you are actually away?
How about having a smart air conditioner that would be able to turn off by itself when people are not present and save energy?
Reaching this point, Automation feature seems the best logical solution to handle and control the air conditioner remotely.
Nowadays, Internet of Things (IoT); an emerging technology has risen in the digital realm. The original idea of Internet of Things was proposed at the end of 1990's. IoT is much more related to the wireless sensors networks, mobile communications networks and Internet. IoT can be defined as a network that connects every existing physical object in the world to a unique address in order to provide quick and smart services. In contrast to traditional Internet which interconnects intelligent physical objects only, IoT interconnects both intelligent and non intelligent physical objects due to the availability of object sensing layer (Ma, 2011).
Hence, with Internet of Things, you may control everything using internet service. More specifically, through Internet of Things technology, you will be able to remotely control your air conditioner which will be connected to the internet from anywhere.
Internet of Things technology uses cost effective, powerful and small size device that is considered to be a small size single board computer called Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi was developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. There are four different types of Raspberry Pi such as: Original Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi 2 and Raspberry Pi 3. The four different types come with both Model A and Model B flavors. Different platforms can be used as an Operating System for the Raspberry Pi such as: RISC OS, Arch Linux, Pidora, Raspbian and Microsoft Windows 10 IoT core (Harrington, 2015).
The aim of this project is to design and implement a smart air conditioner using Internet of Things technology using Raspberry Pi 3 Model B device.
The aim of this project is accomplished through fulfilling pre-defined objectives. Starting with reviewing related home automation system literatures. Moving to selecting the most suitable platform (Raspbian: the most popular platform used with Raspberry Pi or Windows 10 IoT core: the new platform developed by Microsoft) to design and implement the smart air conditioner. Testing, validating and exploring the gained features of the product are the final step towards accomplishing the project aim.
The features of the designed smart air conditioner were decided through testing the implemented product by potential users. The smart air conditioner has absolutely no inference against real remote control. The product is cost effective, energy efficient and achieves automation functionality indeed.
Each implemented project must involve intellectual challenges.
Apparently, there are implemented air conditioner projects using Internet of Things raspberry Pi with different web and mobile enabled applications. However, in this project the web application is developed using PHP web language and MySQL database engine which are not used by any of the developed projects.
Internet of Things means any physical object is connected to the internet. In this system, a smart air conditioner which can be controlled remotely through a web application is to be implemented. However, in order to control the air conditioner remotely, it must be connected to the internet in the first place. Obviously, the air conditioner does not have any internet connection port. Hence, it will be connected to the raspberry pi 3 that has the required internet connection A port. The connection between the air conditioner and the raspberry pi 3 is through the Infra-Red (IR) transmitter which is a Lite Emitting Diode (LED) emitting Infra-Red lights (connected to the raspberry pi 3) and Infra-Red (IR) receiver. Then, the internet connection port in raspberry pi 3 will be connected to Wi-Fi hot spot in order to get internet service. On the other hand, any physical device such as: a desktop, a laptop, a PAD and a smart phone which has a web browser in order to use the implemented web application is connected to the internet from anywhere to control the air conditioner remotely. Furthermore, the implemented air conditioner would be able to turn off by itself when people are not present.
The following figure illustrates the above mentioned project specifications.
Home automation systems have been a successful revolution in the technology world. Extensive researches were conducted on home automation systems. Indeed, home automation systems still receive an inordinate attention from academic organizations and institutions.
Different technologies have been employed to build home automation systems, Al-Ali & Al-Rousan (2004) built a java-based home automation system where all home automated appliances were connected physically to an embedded board with integration to a Personal Computer acts as a web server which provided a remote access to the built system.
Java-based home automation system provides a secure solution due to the built-in security feature handed over by java technology. However, the system is not cost effective due to the need of high quality specifications of the Personal Computer as well as expensive installed wired environment. Furthermore, since the system depends mainly on wired communication, installation's intrusiveness is increased. Sriskanthan et al. (2002) developed a Bluetooth based home automation system where each home physical appliance is connected to a local Bluetooth sub controller through wired connections. Each appliance communicates with the local Bluetooth sub controller connected to and then all local Bluetooth sub controllers communicate with a primary controller through wireless connection.
In contrast to Java-based home automation system, Bluetooth based home automation system architecture reduces intrusiveness of wired installation due to the use of wireless technology. Nevertheless, some intrusiveness is still there due to the wired communication between home appliances and Bluetooth sub controllers. Moreover, this system connects one Bluetooth sub controller to many home physical appliances due to the cost of Bluetooth technology where it is appropriate to have a dedicated Bluetooth sub controller for each appliance. Never forget to mention that the use of one Bluetooth sub controller shared between many home appliances actually causes access delay. Zhu et al. (2010) proposed a Voice Control System for Zig Bee-based Home Automation system. Automatic speech recognition module is used to translate voice commands and send them to the actuator of the designed system via ZigBee network. Each automated home appliance is connected to a dedicated ZigBee module in order to operate and control it remotely.
Similar to Java-based home automation system, developing a Voice Control System for ZigBee based Home Automation system is not cost effective due to the expense of ZigBee module; hence the system is becoming uneconomical as the number of physical home appliances to be automated is enlarged. Furthermore, the speech recognition system must have a module which unfortunately causes errors due to the noise.
imperfections and limitations such as the cost, access delay, wired installation intrusiveness and power consumption.
In this project, I selected different and innovative but existing technology which is Internet of Things (IoT). The reason behind using this technology in this project can be justified from my following findings on IoT technology.
Internet of Things is considered to be the revolutionary technology in the future of the internet (Gubbi et al., 2013). Ma (2011) declared that the original idea of Internet of Things was proposed at the end of 1990's through MIT Auto-ID Labs. IoT is much more related to the wireless sensors networks, mobile communications networks and Internet. IoT can be defined as a network that connects every existing physical object in the world to a unique address in order to provide quick and smart Services (Ma, 2011).
IoT is a complicated technology and it consists of four layers; application service layer, information integration layer, data exchange layer and object sensing layer. Application service layer offers satisfied services to different users. Information integration layer integrates unclear information into usable knowledge, recombines and cleans unclear information attained from networks. Data transmission transparency is handled by data exchange layer. Sensing objects and obtaining data are handled by the forth layer which is object sensing layer. Never forget to mention that sensing feature is not supported by traditional Internet and accordingly it only interconnects intelligent physical objects. On the other hand, IoT interconnects both intelligent and non-intelligent physical objects due to the availability of object sensing layer (Ma, 2011). Table 1 summarizes limitations of different existing home automation technologies and IoT addressed solutions. 2015) used Siri enabled mobile devices for remotely control home appliances, which are air conditioner unit, television, window blinds and lights using raspberry pi with Raspbian Operating System. In this system, the home appliances are connected to the raspberry pi through a relay and a motor driver. Both raspberry pi and Siri enabled mobile device are connected to the same local network (Celebre et al., 2015).
Rieger (2016) used raspberry pi, IR Diode, IR receiver and stepper motor to build a web interface to remotely control blind opener and air conditioner. The user accessed the web interface which transmits issued commands to a controller script. This system used raspberry pi with Raspbian Operating System.
Ivancreations.com (2016) built a mobile application and used Google voice recognition to remotely control Daikin air conditioner unit using raspberry pi and LED. In this system, the air conditioner unit is connected to the raspberry pi through Infra-Red transmitter LED. Both raspberry pi and the application based mobile are connected to the same local network through home Wi-Fi router (Ivancreations.com, 2016). The system is implemented using raspberry pi with Raspbian Operating System.
Vasanwala (2015) developed Home Automation using Raspberry Pi2 and Windows 10 IoT system. Lights, fans and wall sockets are connected to an Arduino -Internet of Things microcontroller device -. Each room must have its own Arduino connected to home appliances in that room, one Passive Infra-Red module, one temperature sensor that senses human presence and one LDR which detects light intensity. All Arduino microcontrollers are then connected to the Raspberry Pi through I2C Bus. Basically, Arduino controls all home appliances and reads data from sensors and periodically sends those collected data to Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi sends data collected from Arduino microcontrollers to a wire frame application. You may control connected home appliances using wire frame application as well.
Low-cost Home Automation with Voice Control system is built by Gillett (2015). The system used Node.js server to control different existing hardware in a room such as: lights, door and LED Strip using Raspberry Pi. A web application is built based on voice control in order to control room's hardware remotely. When the user clicks on microphone button in the application, Raspberry Pi starts recording voice audio. The recorded audio is then sent to a natural language API called Wit.ai in order to analyze it and extracts the meanings. The extracted meanings are then sent back to Raspberry Pi in order to perform the action. The system is built using Raspberry Pi with Microsoft Windows 10 IoT core Operating System Platform. Ganesan (2015) built WARAN -Home Automation system. WARAN is a modular system stands for Windows IoT, Azure, Raspberry Pi, Arduino, NRF24L01+ wireless solution. WARAN consists of one Hub acts as a control server and many modules such as: temperature sensor module and humidity sensor module which are connected to an Arduino. The basic functionality of the system is that the added modules read data and sends them to the Arduino through NRF24L01+. Arduino is then sends collected data from the sensors to the control server in Raspberry Pi through I2C Bus. Collected data from sensors such as: warnings and alerts in any module is also posted in a Windows phone application.
Through reviewing the above existing recent studies and conducted researches on controlling home appliances remotely, it is obvious that air conditioner appliance is successfully controlled remotely via Raspbian Platform using Linux Infrared Remote Control (LIRC). LIRC is an open source library that allows a user to record, decode and send Infra-Red signals of many standard remote controls (Bartelmus, 2016). On the other hand, there isn't any published system that controlled air conditioner remotely using Microsoft Windows 10 IoT core Platform. No one till now could implement any home appliance operates using Infra-Red signals using Windows 10 IoT core because it does not have any Infra-Red library. There were researches which attempted to automate home air conditioners using Win LIRC but they all failed. Win LIRC is Windows equivalent of LIRC which enables users receive and transmit Infra-Red signal of standard remote controls (Baily et al., n.d.).
10 IoT core is compatible with different open source languages and works efficiently with Visual Studio platform as well (Teixeira, 2015).
Window 10 IoT core brings all powerful feature of Windows into your devices such as online storage, 410c (Teixeira , 2015;. Windows 10 IoT core intended to have a low barrier to access; hence making it easy to build professional devices. Windows designed for an easy use with different software packages (Harrington, 2015).
Windows 10 IoT core is an innovative version of Windows 10 and is targeting the small and embedded devices with or without display screens Raspberry Pi 2, Raspberry Pi3, Minnow Board MAX and Dragon Board recommended to start with Raspbian since it is called Raspbian. Raspbian inherits almost all Debian features including above 35,000 free software packages. Beginners with Raspberry Pi are strongly The system architecture includes the infrastructure and network design of the system. The web application will be designed using PHP web language and Raspbian will be the business logic for the design. The system architecture of the system is shown in Figure 3. My SQL server is used as web server to store data for web console and database server will be hosted in LAMP in Raspberry Pi 3. VPN will be used between the LAMP and the Internet for security issue. PHP will be used as the front End and SQL database as the backend of the web application. The user can access the web application by writing the address in the web browser. On the other hand, the air conditioner is connected to the Wi-Fi at the same time. As mentioned earlier, air conditioner does not have an internet connection port. Hence, it will be connected to the raspberry pi 3 that has the required internet connection port. The connection between the air conditioner and the raspberry pi 3 is through the Infra-Red (IR) transmitter which is a Lite Emitting Diode (LED) emitting Infra-Red lights (connected to the raspberry pi 3) and IR receiver. Always remember that the circuit needs resistors in order to control current flow and maintain the raspberry pi from damage. Figure 4 illustrates circuit design used in the project. IR LED is responsible of emitting infra-red signals and IR receiver is responsible of receiving infrared signals and modulating them. Basically this circuit design is going to be used to read SANYO air conditioner remote control and interpret its codes. The Wire Frame Design for the system is shown in Figure2. When the user who has a right access logs in the website, he will be able to see Control AC tab. The Control AC tab includes controlling AC power and the temperature of the air conditioner. serious limitation with Windows 10 IoT core platform in reference to the lack of Infra-Red library. As a result, the most optimal platform to implement the smart air conditioner using Internet of Things is going to be Raspbian platform since it supports LIRC library. Before implementing the project, an overall design is built.
Through reviewing different recent literatures demonstrated in CHAPTER 2, apparently there is a The following software packages are needed to implement the smart air conditioner: ./build gpio -vgpio readall sudo service apache2 restart sudoleafpad/etc/lirc/hardware.conf 6. Change hardware. conf file exactly as the following file
?######################################################## # /etc/######################################################## 7.Type the following commands to stop and start lircd service so that the above made changes take effect successfully:
sudo /etc/init.d/lirc stop sudo /etc/init.d/lirc start Then you will be prompt to enter a name for each button you press. Kindly, note that you cannot enter any random names for your recorded keys. LIRC has its own buttons' names. In order to check these valid names, type the following command: irrecord --list-namespace irsend SEND_ONCE ir1.conf KEY_POWER2
7. In order to send the recorded signal for increasing the volume of the temperature, type the following command:
irsend SEND_ONCE ir1.conf KEY_UP MySQL database engine is used to create the database.
PHP web language is used as connection agent between the web page and the database. ? Note 2: All files related to the web application development will be found the following path:
/var/www/html USE ac_control; SELECT * FROM login 12. Type the following command to quit MySQL server: sudo chmod 777 header.php Weaved is a free software to be installed in Raspberry Pi and enables the user to connect to this Raspberry Pi and access its hosted web pages over internet from anywhere. In fact, Weaved provides Internet of Things (IOT) Kit to be used in Raspberry Pi. Weaved offers many services such as: SSH on port 22, Web (HTTP) on port 80, VNC on port 5901 and custom TCP connection (Sangesari, 2015).
q) Setting Up Weaved Software in Raspberry Pi 3: ./weaved-nixinstaller_1.2.13.bin sudo crontab -e
1.3. Add the following lines and exit the editor:
@reboot sudo /usr/bin/Weavedweb80.sh start & 4. Press ctrl + x to exit the editor and press Y when it prompts you to save changes using CTRL + X 5. Reboot your Raspberry Pi 3 in order to take effect of made changes using the command:
sudo reboot V.Integration and Testing a) Integration Now implementing and configuring each circuit was done successfully. The second stage of implementation is integration. Integration means combining all individual circuits in one solderless bread board in order to create one complete circuit. The integrated circuit is illustrated in Figure11.
After implementing the smart air conditioner project successfully, the following figures illustrate the results of the project tested and carried out by a smart phone which does not belong to the same network the Raspberry Pi 3 is connected to. It means, the smart phone is somewhere away from the Raspberry Pi 3 network and they are connected over the internet using Weaved service. I am interested on home automation services.
2. The system helped me to control my air conditioner unit remotely from anywhere using any device with a web browser.
The system helped me to control my air conditioner unit remotely from anywhere using any device with a web browser. a. Calculated from grouped data.
The system helped me to control my air conditioner unit remotely from anywhere using any device with a web browser. I feel much more comfortable to use this system than the local remote control.
5. I recommend using this system as a product in technology market. a. Calculated from grouped data. I recommend using this system as a product in technology market.
Through reviewing the above obtained statistics, the implemented smart air conditioner product is obviously gaining trust of the potential users and accordingly the gained features from the implemented product are: The smart air conditioner has absolutely no inference against real remote control. The product is cost effective, energy efficient and achieves automation functionality indeed.
The local remote control is the traditional mechanism in which the end user controls the air conditioner. In the absence of this mechanism, the user loses the control. However, there is another mechanism in which the user may remotely control the air conditioner through Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A smart air conditioner using IoT was designed and implemented using Raspberry Pi 3 Model B device. Validity of the project was achieved through testing the implemented product by 14 potential users who own SANYO air conditioner. All potential users were able to control their air conditioner remotely over the internet from anywhere. The smart air conditioner has absolutely no inference against real remote control. The product is cost effective, energy efficient and achieves the required automation functionality.
In future, I would like to expand this project to contain almost all controllable home appliances. A smart home automation system will absolutely help people control their home appliances remotely over the internet from anywhere.
I would like to seize the opportunity to openly give my special thanks to the following people who granted me their support and assistance during my Master's degree course. Dr. Vladimir Dyo for his precious supervision, assistance and comments during the course; Dr.Haider AL-Khateeb for his continuous directions and workshops over the course. My extreme thanks to people who took time completing my questionnaire. I would also like to offer my gratefulness to my family for their full encouragement and support to complete my Master's degree. Finally, my utmost thanks to my best friend for her continuous assistance over the past two years.
Existing recent studies and conducted | In this thesis, I will discuss two different |
researches on controlling home appliances remotely | platforms which are Raspbian, the most popular |
mainly focuses on the use of IoT devices such as | Operating System used for Raspberry Pi and Microsoft |
Raspberry Pi developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. | Windows 10 IoT core, the new raised Operating System |
Raspberry Pi is cost effective, powerful and small size | developed by Microsoft. |
device that is considered to be a small size single board | Raspbian is an open source Linux based |
computer. Raspberry Pi may operate using different | Operating System. It is a modified platform from Debian |
platforms; RISC OS, Arch Linux, Pidora, Raspbian and | |
Microsoft Windows 10 IoT core (Harrington, 2015). |
? Definition Apache: is one of the most popular web server applications. It is installed in Raspberry Pi 3 to serve developed web pages by the user (raspberrypi.org, 2016). Follow the following steps in order to install and configure Apache server: 1. Open command terminal in your raspberry Pi 3. 2. Type the following command to install Apache2 package: sudo apt-get install apache2 -y3. Second: PHP Setup: ? Definition PHP: 2. Type the following PHP code inside test.php and save the file: <?php echo "hello world"; ?> 3. Open a web browser in your Raspberry Pi 3 and type: http://localhost/test.php Third: MySQL Setup ? Definition MySQL: is one of the most popular database engines (raspberrypi.org, 2016). Follow the following steps in order to install and configure MySQL: 1. Open command terminal in your raspberry Pi 3. 2. Type the following command to install MySQL server and PHP-MYSQL packages: sudo apt-get install mysql-server php5-mysql -y 3. |
ii. Creating the Web Page |
1. Open the terminal in your Raspberry Pi 3. |
2. Type the following command to access |
/var/www/html directory: |
cd /var/www/html |
3. Type the following command to create iotAC.php |
file: |
sudo touch iotAC.php |
4. Type the following command to give full permission |
to iotAC.php file while editing: |
sudo chmod 777 iotAC.php |
5. Go to /var/www/html directory and double click on |
iotAC.php you have created in step 3. |
6. Add the following PHP code and save the file: |
See APPENDIX B: IMPLEMENTATION SOURCE CODE, |
Section II: iotAC.php Source Code |
iii. Building up the Database |
1. Open the terminal in your Raspberry Pi 3. |
2. Type the following command to access MySQL |
server: |
mysql -u root -p |
10. Type the following command to add master |
username with master-ac@321 password into login |
table inside ac_control database: |
CREATE TABLE `login` (`username |
VARCHAR (255), `password` |
VARCHAR(255)) |
16. I opened my web browser and typed the following in |
the address bar: |
http:// pjgwefdz.p6.weaved.com/login.php |
? Note 3: |
Statistics | ||||||||
I feel much more comfortable to use this system than the local remote control | Frequency Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |||||
Disagree | 2 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | ||||
Valid | Neutral | 1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 21.4 | |||
Agree | 7 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 71.4 | ||||
Year 2020 | Strongly Agree Total a. Calculated from grouped data. | 4 14 | 28.6 100.0 | 28.6 100.0 | 100.0 | |||
28 | ||||||||
Valid | 14 | |||||||
N | Missing | 0 | ||||||
Mean | 4.5714 | |||||||
Median | 4.5714 a | |||||||
( ) E | Maximum | 5.00 | ||||||
Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |||||
Agree | 6 | 42.9 | 42.9 | 42.9 | ||||
Valid | Strongly Agree Total | 8 14 | Valid | 57.1 100.0 | 57.1 100.0 14 | 100.0 | ||
Missing | 0 | |||||||
Mean | 4.5714 | |||||||
Median | 4.5714 a | |||||||
Maximum | 5.00 | |||||||
Frequency Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||||||
Valid | Agree Strongly Agree Total | 6 8 14 | 42.9 57.1 100.0 | 42.9 57.1 100.0 | 42.9 100.0 | |||
© 2020 Global Journals |
Smart Air Conditioner using Internet of Things | ||||
N | Valid | 14 | ||
Missing | 0 | |||
Mean | 4.2857 | |||
Median | 4.3077 a | |||
Maximum | 5.00 | |||
Year 2020 34 Volume XX Issue III Version I Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology ( ) | Frequency 1 8 5 14 I am looking forward to your cooperation to conduct the questionnaire. Percent Valid Percent Neutral 7.1 7.1 Agree 57.1 57.1 Valid Strongly Agree 35.7 35.7 Total 100.0 100.0 Gender: o Male o Female ____________________________________________________________________________ Cumulative Percent 7.1 64.3 100.0 1. I am interested on home automation services. o Strongly Disagree o Disagree o Neutral o Agree o Strongly Agree 2. o Strongly Disagree o Neutral o Agree o Strongly Agree 3. The system is easy to use. o Strongly Disagree o Disagree o Neutral o Agree o Strongly Agree 4. I feel much more comfortable to use this system than the local remote control. o Strongly Disagree o Disagree o Neutral o Agree o Strongly Agree 5. I recommend using this system as a product in technology market. o Strongly Disagree o Disagree o Disagree | Age: ??? | ||
o Neutral | ||||
o Agree | ||||
o Strongly Agree | ||||
Thank you for your valuable time? |
Appendix a: User Satisfaction Questionnaire User Satisfaction Questionnaire Dear SANYO split air conditioner users; Smart Air Conditioner Using Internet of Things Product helps you to remotely control your air conditioner through a web application from any windows physical device such as a desktop, a laptop, a PAD and a smart phone you possess. The implemented smart air conditioner would be able to turn off by itself when people are not present and save energy. Results of the survey will be treated with full confidentiality and it will be stored in a secure place. Likewise, the obtained results will be used to monitoring your satisfaction as a customer and to identifying improvements to the product.
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Available at: https:/ /www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&so urce=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahU KEwirocbHtZ7PAhVBnBQKHXNIB5QQjRwIBw&url= https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSandisk-MicroSDHC-Memory-Card-Adapter%2Fdp%2FB00 38. Vasanwala, A.S. 2015. Home Automation using Raspberry Pi 2 and Windows 10 IoT. https://www.hackster.io/AnuragVasanwala/home-automation0dcefc?ref=challenge&ref_id=15&offset=2 8GB Sandisk MicroSDHC Memory Card with SD Adapter, May 2016. p. 25.
Solder less Breadboards. https://www.google.com/url ?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd= &cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiToDDwJ7PAhU GExoKHftUDhoQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fww w.circuitspecialists.com%2Fsolderlessbreadboards &bvm=bv.133387755,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNFhZvVC -7Ez-p2-sTwv9bYI0FB3_g&ust=1474480075353879, 2016. 2016. (Accessed 6 September)