\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Blockchain and Blackboard Technology for Database Systems}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2022 1970-01-01 (revised: 28 Year 2022 01 January 1970)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2022 1970-01-01} \title{Blockchain and Blackboard Technology for Database Systems} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Venkata Subba Reddy Poli} \affil[1]{ Sri Venkateswara University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Abstractâ??"Blockchain is transaction process which minimize transaction and data items of data sets that are encrypted transferred data items with secure data. It is peer to peer technology. The Blockchain is transaction flow or series of transactions. Blackboard technology is used transaction store and retrieve independently. In This paper, Blockchain and blackboard technology is combined for transaction processing. The communication cost and retriall cost will be reduced using Blockchain and Blackboard technology. \end{abstract} \keywords{mapreduce, steiner trees, blockchain technology, blackboard systems.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \par lockchain made valid chain of transactions using decryption codes. It made transaction between two nodes by introducing intermediate node or Steiner node.\par Steiner tree is optimal tree by introducing intermediate node or Steiner node.\par The Blockchain technology may be studied using strainer trees. Here OTP is FOT number\par The logical design Blockchain technology does not change logical independence. The transaction shall be made with or without Blockchain technology but Blockchain technology is minimize the series of transactions. For instance, logical query is given by Q1: Update loan return amount paid by borrower. \section[{IV. MAPREDUCE ALGORITHM FOR CONCURRENCY USING BLACKBOARD SYSTEM}]{IV. MAPREDUCE ALGORITHM FOR CONCURRENCY USING BLACKBOARD SYSTEM}\par Usually in database systems, the entire data has to taken into main memory for operation. There is no need to take entire data in main memory in Blackboard Architecture, Blackboard Architecture used to store and retrieve knowledge sources \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. Data mining is a knowledge discovery process. Blackboard Architecture may used to store and retrieve data sources. Parallel, distributed and concurrent retrieval of data items shall be achieved through the Blackboard architecture.\par The blackboard systems may construct with the creation of data item sources in Oracle. Here is algorithm is given to create blackboard architecture, store and retrieve for data item sources.\par For instance, each account is a table for banking information systems. {\ref --------------------------------------------------}8347102 Rama 10000 SQL> select * from ab8347103 where acno=8347103; {\ref -------------------------------------------------} The transaction may be defined using SQL as UPDATE ab8347107 SET balance = balance + 1000 WHERE account no = ; ab8347107. These data items are stored in blackboard structure. h(x) is create, store and retrieval of data sources. When transaction being possessing, there is no need to take entire database into main memory. Just it is sufficient to retrieval of particular data item of particular transaction from the blackboard system. \section[{Algorithm: Begin}]{Algorithm: Begin} \section[{ACNO ACNAME ACBAL}]{ACNO ACNAME ACBAL}\par The advantage of blackboard architecture is directly operated on data sources.\par The Blockchain technology is also operates on data sources or data items to direct transactions.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png} \caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 8 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{9}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png} \caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 9 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{10}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png} \caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 10 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} Figure 11: Blockchain\\ Inserted accounts into blackboard structure.\\ SQL> insert into ab8347102 values (8347102, 'Rama',\\ 10000);\\ SQL> insert into ab8347103 values (8347103, 'Sita',\\ 16000);\\ SQL> insert into ab8347104 values (8347104, 'John',\\ 20000);\\ SQL> insert into 8347105 values (8347105, 'Khan',\\ 15000);\\ SQL> insert into ab8347106 values (8347106, 'Marry',\\ 18000);\\ SQL> insert into ab8347107 values (8347107, 'Krishna',\\ 25000);\\ Select each account number from blackboard structure.\\ SQL> select * from ab8347102 where acno=8347102;\\ ACNO ACNAME ACBAL\\ Insert data item into account number table\\ Retrieve data item from account number table\\ End\\ Each data item is data source which is created by h(x)\\ account number table.\\ The blackboard structure is created with each account.\\ SQL> create table ab8347102 (acno int, acname\\ varchar (10), acbal real);\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.6211538461538461\textwidth}P{0.22884615384615384\textwidth}} WHERE condition;\tabcellsep \\ Here is an example\tabcellsep \\ CREATE VIEW account AS\tabcellsep \\ SELECT *\tabcellsep \\ FROM ab8347101, ab8347102,?, ab834710.\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Year 2022\\ \tabcellsep ( ) C\\ \tabcellsep -\\ 8347103 Sita\tabcellsep 16000\\ \tabcellsep © 2022 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Englemore and Morgan ()]{b2}\label{b2} \textit{}, Robert Englemore , Tony Morgan . 1988. \bibitem[Blackboard Systems]{b3}\label{b3} \textit{Blackboard Systems}, Addison-Wesley. \bibitem[Ramakrishnan and Gehrike ()]{b4}\label{b4} \textit{Data sets Management Systems}, R Ramakrishnan , J Gehrike . 2003. 2003. McGraw-Hill. \bibitem[Ramakrishnan and Gehrike ()]{b5}\label{b5} \textit{Data sets Management Systems}, R Ramakrishnan , J Gehrike . 2003. 2003. McGraw-Hill. \bibitem[Chin ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘Effective inference control for range SUM queries’. F Y Chin . \textit{Theoretical Computer Science} 1974. 32 p. . (Blackboard System) \bibitem[Ghosh ()]{b1}\label{b1} \textit{File Organization: the Consecutive Retrieval Property, Communications of}, S P Ghosh . 1972. \bibitem[Polivenkta Subba Reddy ()]{b11}\label{b11} ‘Fuzzy MapReduce Data Mining Algorithms’. Polivenkta Subba Reddy . \textit{International Conference ACM}, 2018. 15 p. . \bibitem[Polivenkta Subba Reddy (2018)]{b10}\label{b10} ‘Fuzzy MapReduce Data Mining Algorithms’. Polivenkta Subba Reddy . \textit{International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY2018)}, 2018. November 14-17. 2018. \bibitem[Venkta Subba Reddy Poli (2018)]{b7}\label{b7} ‘Fuzzy MapReduce Data Mining Algorithms’. Venkta Subba Reddy Poli . \textit{International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY2018)}, (Kenting, Taiwan) 2108. 2018. November 4-17. \bibitem[Venkta Subba Reddy Poli (2018)]{b9}\label{b9} ‘Fuzzy MapReduce Data Mining Algorithms’. Venkta Subba Reddy Poli . \textit{International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY2018)}, (Kenting, Taiwan) 2108. 2018. November 4-17. \bibitem[Venkata and Reddy (2017)]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Generalized Fuzzy Data Mining for Decision Management’. Poli Venkata , Subba Reddy . \textit{International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications}, (Kenting, Taiwan) 2017. 2017. Nov.12-15, 2017. \bibitem[Tan et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} \textit{Introduction to Data Mining}, P N Tan , V Steinbach , V Kumar . 2006. Addison-Wesley. \bibitem[Venkata Subba Reddy Poli ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘On Existence of C-R Property’. Venkata Subba Reddy Poli . \textit{Proceedings of Mathematical Society, B.H.U, 5}, (Mathematical Society, B.H.U, 5) 1989. p. . \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}