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\title{Concept Set Modeling Approach to Conceptualise Multilingual Digital Linguistic Database}
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             \author[1]{Ahmad Hweishel  AL-Farjat}

             \author[2]{Ibrahim Mahmoud Ibrahim  AlTurani}

             \author[3]{Marwan Hweishel  Al-Farajat}

             \affil[1]{  AlBalqa Applied University, Jordan, Aqaba}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 November 2011 Accepted: 22 November 2011 Published: 6 December 2011}

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\begin{abstract}
        


In this paper, we report the work on developing a multilingual digital linguistic database that aims to provide overall information a linguistic item carries in a language, and its cross-linguistic morphemic equivalent in other languages. It is conceptualised as a model of human knowledge of a language, and its description and architecture is an effort towards modeling such linguistic knowledge. From computational and programming aspects it throws an enormous challenge as it has many-to-many relations across languages, scripts, orthography, fields and entries. To accomplish such linkages among languages and between different types and kinds of information related to the linguistic item, an idea of a ?Concept Set Model? is discussed.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Language, Database, Electronic.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
or more than 2000 years, paper dictionaries are compiled with a view to provide specific information that it aims to provide. Hence, there are several types of dictionaries providing specific information depending upon the type of dictionary. Similarly, an electronic dictionary, though primarily designed to provide basic information such as grammatical category, meaning, usage, frequency, etc., has also got its usage in various other ancillary tasks in the newer domains of language use. Such electronic dictionary, however, has a major shortcoming as it provides specific information considering the scope, usage, and storage for which it is developed \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.\par
With the gaining in weight of regional and foreign languages in India from the 11th century onwards, a novel type of lexicon came into being: bilingual and multilingual dictionaries. Amara simh?na Amarako?a emba N?maling?nu??sana (??? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????) published in 1970, By Prasaranga of University of Mysore, is an example of multilingual thesaurus having Sanskrit as source and English and Kannada as target languages. Thus, even in multilingual dictionaries the correspondence between the working languages is mostly established through an intermediate language -an interlingua -very much in the same way as it is done when connecting two languages by means of a couple of bilingual dictionaries. 
\section[{Electronic Dictionaries:}]{Electronic Dictionaries:}\par
The expression Electronic dictionary started life in the last quarter of the 20th century as a term for specialised device -a handheld computer dedicated to storing a lexical database and performing lookup in it. As classical lexicography is in a complex relationship with linguistic theory, so is electronic lexicography with computational linguistics, of which electronic dictionaries are a product whilst also serving as tools and feedstock for creating other products.\par
An electronic bilingual or multilingual dictionary may be a digitaised edition of a conventional reference work, perhaps augmented by types of information specific of this medium (recorded pronunciations, hyperlinks, full text search, etc). Alternatively, it may be a system of monolingual dictionaries of different languages interlinked at the level of entries. \hyperref[b1]{[2]} Multilingual Lexical database is a great help if one often needs to translate similar documents into different languages (a reasonably common situation and bound to become more and more frequent in this age of global communication, especially in massively multilingual societies such as India, European Union). Also adding one more language to a multilingual dictionary tends to be less labour-intensive than creating a new bilingual dictionary thus economically more viable for languages with relatively few speakers and learners. Some of the Advantages of Electronic Lexical Database is enlisted below; 1. Flexibility in Growth: Potential for Infinite growth in Lexical Entries and can be integrated with voluminous corpus. 2. Multi Purpose: Serve as explanatory dictionary, grammatical dictionary, Dictionary of Synonyms, Antonyms, phraseology, etymology, pictorial 3. User Friendly: Easy look up is possible, since easy to use GUI is provided by which the word to be looked up can be typed directly or by just selecting the word in the text by invoking dictionary by keyboard or mouse events (as in WordWeb) from any word editors. 4. Digital grammatical dictionaries can also extract inflections at least partly and work as morphological analysers and generators upon demand. 5. Easy update facility can be provided under the guidance of a moderator\par
The major issue which comes into picture at the time of developing a multilingual digital Linguistic database is, interlinking the Lexical entries of different languages in database.\par
The major issue in Linking Lexical entries across language is the complexity of many-to-many relationship of words. One word of a language may have more than one meaning, but the word corresponding to the same word in a different language may not represent all meanings of a source language term. At the same time Target word may be representing some more meanings other than the source language term. In multilingual scenario, those other meanings may get linked with a lexical item of some other third language of which there may not be any corresponding term available in first language.\par
To cite an example, a linguistic item in Kannada 'ke-sa-ri' (????? ) represents three concepts.\par
A shade of yellow tinged with orange-saffron.\par
A flavouring agent -saffron.\par
A large tawny flesh-eating wild cat of Africa and South Asia-lion.\par
When the Kannada word 'ke-sa-ri' maps with its Arabic counter part 'za'far?n' ?,)??????(? which provides the first two sense but the third sense 'lion' is not provided by Arabic 'za'far?n', instead Arabic word 'al'asad' ?)?????(? is used.\par
There are situations when a term used in one meaning in a language may exist in the second language but with a different meaning. Thus, linking them is not possible. e.g.: The Linguistic item 'u-pa-nya-sa' (????? ??) in Kannada means 'A speech that is open to the public -Lecture' in Hindi same 'u-pa-nya-sa' (???????) means, 'An extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story -Novel'. 'Novel' in Kannada means 'Ka-damba-ri' (???? ??? ), but same 'Ka-dam-ba-ri' (???? ???) means 'Cluster-of-Clouds' in Hindi.\par
A Language might have borrowed a word with a meaning or a few meanings from some Classical Language instead of borrowing all the meanings, and may have a word homographic in its own language with different meaning or lexical category For e.g. Linguistic item 'hari' (??? ) in Kannada which was borrowed from Sanskrit as noun means 'The sustainer; a Hindu divinity worshipped as the preserver of worlds -Lord Vishnu', but in Sanskrit it is used in 36 senses including 'Lord Vishnu', few of them are given below.\par
'The destroyer; one of the three major divinities in the later Hindu pantheon -Shiva' (noun) 'Solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times -Horse', (noun) 'Any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians) -Monkey', (noun) 'Limbless scaly elongate reptile; some are venomous -Snake' (noun) 'The process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke -Fire' (noun) Kannada borrowed only the meaning of 'Lord Vishnu' so in developing multilingual dictionary it cannot be linked with all the concepts of Sanskrit. More over in Kannada the same lexical item 'hari' is homograph representing different meanings as follows.\par
'The motion characteristic of fluids -flowing' (verb) 'Move smoothly and sinuously, like a snake -snake' (verb) 'To separate or be separated by force -tear' (verb)\par
By the above given examples it's clear that Word-to-Word mapping is impossible. Multilingual dictionaries usually select one language as the leading one (or vedette). Data in all other working languages are translated into this one and in this way are connected to each other \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. If exact word is not available in the target language the user should at least get the descriptive meaning of Source Language word.\par
As it is evident that word to word mapping is not possible, and in multilingual scenario no language can be set as Interlingua. There is no natural language exists which can provide all the corresponding words for all the languages used in a multilingual dictionary. But there is no better choice than having an Interlingua for linking multiple languages lexicon entries.\par
In this approach rather than following the equivalent items across languages, the descriptive meaning of the item in question is followed. In other words, based on equivalent meaning, items are interrelated, and iterated over different languages. Under such approach, however, it is a known fact that lexical underspecification across languages are encountered. To account this issue, an Interlingua language is taken. Even though it may not have corresponding lexical item for a source word, its descriptive meaning will enable the language lexicographer of a different language to give suitable lexical item in one's language.\par
The above meaning of the Kannada lexical entry 'hari' is not shared by the 'hari' of Sanskrit. So these meanings also cannot be linked in database.   {\ref --------------------------------------------------} IPA, pronunciation, and transliteration can be embedded in the system. To expedite the data entry, a graphical user interface (GUI) can be provided, which automatically picks 'concept set model's synset along with their spelling variations as an entry. Other fields are provided manually.\par
As Interlingua is also a Natural Language, Many a times it may give a word which has more than one sense to a linking word. That's why 'description-alongwith-lexical-item-and-its-grammatical-category' should be represented in Interlingua with a specific index. The Secondary Languages which are getting linked in Multilingual Dictionary can be able to give their Lexical Items to that Concept-Set.\par
Many a times the Interlingua may not be able to provide any lexical item for a multilingual language's lexical item. In such cases a detailed description has to be given in Interlingua in concept set.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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   			\footnote{© 2011 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{December} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
For e.g. : If there exists a word like 'Abhisarika' (?? ? ???? ??) in Kannada, meaning 'The lady who goes rendezvous with her significant-other', if English used as an Interlingua which may not have a corresponding lexical item for it then the whole Description of 'Abhisarika' in English (interlingua) can be used. Other languages of the multilingual dictionary will give corresponding lexical entry (or description in case no corresponding lexical entry exists).\par
In this proposed model Interlingua can be any Language, but as it is used only for linking, and has only description, the Interlingua by itself cannot be one among the Multilingual Dictionary Language. The language used for the Interlingua also has to be represented like any other language and has to use the Concept Set as any other Language. 
\subsection[{Concept Set Modeling Approach to Conceptualise Multilingual Digital Linguistic Database}]{Concept Set Modeling Approach to Conceptualise Multilingual Digital Linguistic Database}\par
The major advantage in this approach is; all language of the multilingual dictionaries can enjoy primary language status. A methodology can be devised for a particular period of time, where one language will have primary language status and goes on adding lexical items to Interlingua description, and other languages (Secondary Languages) will give their corresponding lexical items for each Interlingua description added by the primary language. After the time period is over some other language will take over as primary language.\par
II. 
\subsection[{SUMMARY}]{SUMMARY}\par
Multilingual Electronic Dictionaries attempt to provide wide ranging information, and cater the needs of a user to know about a specific linguistic item in a language and its morphemic equivalent across languages. It also provides information at different levels from graphemic to idiomatic expressions and beyond. Its architecture is modular; hence, it can be customised according to the needs of the specific applications/ users.\par
In its conceptualisation and design, specific information of an item is provided at the strata which are called levels that can be customised according to the requirements. Each level provides specific information. The multilingual digital linguistic database can be enriched with more and more languages, drawing cross-linguistic morphemic similarities and differences between languages. On the other hand, it is conceptualised as a model of what a native speaker of a language knows about an item in his/her language synchronically/diachronically.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Boguslavsky et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{A Novel Approach to Creating Disambiguated Multilingual Dictionaries},  		 			Igor Boguslavsky 		,  		 			Jesús Cardeñosa 		,  		 			Carolina Gallardo 		.  		2009. 2009. 30 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ivan and Derhanski ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Bi-and Multilingual Electronic Dictionaires: Their Design and Application to Low-and Middle-Density Languages, Language engineering for lesser-studied languages},  		 			A Ivan 		,  		 			Derhanski 		.  		2009. IOS Press. p. 123.  	 
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\end{document}
