\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Performance Evaluation of ALOHA-CS MAC Protocol},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2016-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2016)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2016-01-15}
\title{Performance Evaluation of ALOHA-CS MAC Protocol}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Mst. Rubina  Aktar}

             \affil[1]{  Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2015 Accepted: 1 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The main task of a MAC protocol is to prevent simultaneous transmissions or resolve transmission collisions of data packets while providing energy efficiency, low channel access delays and fairness among the nodes in a network [1]. The Aloha protocol is a fully decentralized medium access control protocol. This protocol was introduced to improve the utilization of the shared medium by synchronizing the transmission of devices. The performance of the Carrier sense Pure ALOHA is evaluated in this paper on the basis of throughout of the system and the average number of retransmission needed for the successful transmission of a packet. Performance criteria are analyzed with change of offered load of the system. The simulation is a Monte Carlo based one on the MATLAB platform.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{MAC protocol; pure ALOHA; carrier sense Pure ALOHA; throughput; random access technique.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. INTRODUCTION}]{I. INTRODUCTION}\par
edium Access Control (MAC) protocols are collection of algorithms for solving the problem of sharing a single channel by multiple transmitting nodes. The problems can be solved by partitioning the channel, or by allowing random access of the transmitting nodes or by hybrid algorithms \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. The performance of any algorithm or protocol is evaluated on the basis of some factors: average time of a packet spent in the transmission queue, throughput-fraction of channel capacity for useful data transmission, fairness to the transmitting nodes, stability and robustness against channel fading, power consumption, support for multimedia etc. Pure ALOHA is a random access protocol for solving the problem for sharing a single channel by multiple transmitting. In this paper, the performance of carrier sense Pure ALOHA protocol is analyzed on the basis throughput and the average number of retransmission of the packets. The paper is organized as follows: Random access technique for sharing a single access point is introduced is section II. In section III, the mathematical formulation of Pure ALOHA technique is show. In Section IV, the system model is introduced, simulation techniques are discussed and the results are analyzed. 
\section[{II. RANDOM ACCESS TECHNIQUE}]{II. RANDOM ACCESS TECHNIQUE}\par
In Random access technique, no portion of the channel is kept fixed for any transmitting node, rather the channel is allocated to the transmitting nodes on a random basis. When a packet comes to the transmitting nodes it checks whether the channel is free. If it is free, the node sends the packet through the packet. In case of the channel being occupied, the packet is retransmitted after a random interval according to some algorithms for retransmission. It specifies how to detect collision and how to recover from collisions. 
\section[{III. The Pure Aloha Technique}]{III. The Pure Aloha Technique}\par
For analyzing Aloha in communication, let all packets have same length L and required T seconds for transmission. This can be visualized in Fig . \hyperref[fig_0]{1}. The figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1}    In Pure ALOHA the vulnerable period-the time interval during which the packets are susceptible to collisions with transmissions from other users is considered to be twice the transmission length of each packet. For the study of pure ALOHA it is assumed that all the packets have same packet length, channel data M rate is fixed and the users generate new packet at random time interval.\par
The number of packet generated per unit time follows Poisson's distribution:Pr[??] = ?? ?? ?? ??? ??! (1)\par
Where, k is number of packet generated per unit time, ?? is the only parameter of the Poisson's distribution i.e. the average number of packet generated per unit time \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.\par
The performance of the system is characterized by throughput ?? of the system.?? = ? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????ð??"ð??" ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ????????, ?? ?? ? ? ?????????????????????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ?\par
Here,?????????????????????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? = ?????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ????????, 2?? ?? = Pr[0] = (2???? ?? ) 0 ?? ?2???? ?? 0! = ?? ?2???? ?? ?? = ????? ?? ??? ?2???? ?? = ???? ?2?? (2)\par
Here, ?? is the offered load. When offered load is 0.5, the throughput is maximum and maximum throughput for pure ALOHA is 18.7\%. But here we uses Carrier Sense (CS) ALOHA, which senses whether the channel is free before transmission so the throughput is greater than throughput for normal (without carrier sensing) pure ALOHA. 
\section[{IV. PROTOCAL DISCPTION AND MODEL}]{IV. PROTOCAL DISCPTION AND MODEL}\par
Carrier sense ALOHA is different from others ALOHA. It extends the carrier sensing function to include all packets regardless of whether the sensing device is the recipient or not. Aloha is predecessor to carrier sense multiple excess systems used in many broadcast system. Thus ALOHA depends on the ability of a node to detect or learn that a collision has occurred \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Here the evaluation is considered a wireless local area network having N nodes and a single access point which is shown in Fig . \hyperref[fig_0]{1}. The four nodes are competing to gain the access of AP for transmitting their data packets. The MAC protocol used for sharing the AP is ALOHA with carrier sense (ALOHA-CS). Therefore, a node with a new data packet immediately senses the carrier. If the carrier is idle, the node transmits the packet immediately. If the carrier is busy, transmission of the packet is delayed by an integer number of packet duration. After retransmission try by the maximum allowed times, a packet will be dropped.\par
The simulation has been performed on a MATLAB based Monte-Carlo simulation platform. Here, a wireless local area network (LAN) with a single access point (AP) and four nodes competing to gain the access of AP for transmitting their data packets is considered which is illustrated in Fig. \hyperref[fig_2]{3}. A packet in access point can be retransmitted packet or a fresh packet, where a packet can be retransmitted not more than 8 times. 
\section[{b) Throughput Analysis}]{b) Throughput Analysis}\par
Throughput is defined as the ratio of the successfully transmitted packet per sec to the number of packet generated per sec. In pure ALOHA a node can start transmission at any time. In slotted ALOHA, all nodes have synchronized clocks marking frame boundary times (the clock period is the time for one frame transmission) and a node wishing to transmit does so at the start of the next frame slot. In both cases, a node transmits without checking the state of the channel \hyperref[b4]{[5]}.\par
The throughput which is defined as the portion of channel bandwidth for successful transmission i.e. percentage of successful transmission of total transmission is calculated and plotted for three different packet lengths: 2000, 4000 and 10000 bits in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 indicates that throughput of packet length 4000 is higher than packet length 10000 and throughput of packet length 2000 is higher than packet length 4000. 
\section[{c) Average No. of Retransmission}]{c) Average No. of Retransmission}\par
The Average number of retransmission is also calculated for the three packet lengths which increases with offered load as expected. For a given critical limit of the new packet generation rate, the number of transmission control is not needed for a stable operation. The reason is that if the new packet generation rate is below a certain limit, the probability of success is very high because of the lower aggregate traffic generation rate \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. The probability of retransmission is very low in that situation. Therefore, the aggregate traffic generation is lower even with the higher maximum allowable number of transmissions. The aggregate traffic generation rate increases with the multiplication of the retransmission probability and number of transmissions, for a given new packet generation rate \hyperref[b6]{[7]}. If the retransmission probability becomes very low because of higher success probability, the multiplication of retransmission probability and the number of transmissions also become very low. Hence, the aggregate traffic generation rate becomes almost the same as the new packet generation rate. Thus, the throughput also remains almost constant regardless of the augmentation of number of transmissions. This lower aggregate traffic generation rate is not sufficient to make the system unstable. This critical limit of the new packet generation rate depends on the number of users and the type of capture.Fig. 5 shows that the number of retransmission vs offered load. The average number of retransmission increases as the offered load increases. 
\section[{VI. CONCLUSION}]{VI. CONCLUSION}\par
Aloha-CS is simpler and more scalable, as it only needs a small amount of memory, and does not rely on additional control messages. Aloha-CS, on the other hand, requires the use of additional packets, which serve as advance notification to neighboring nodes, so that they can avoid transmitting packets that could result in collisions. The Aloha-CS needs to collect and store more information, therefore it requires more resources. Due to the need to select a suitable lag time for a given network setting, the scheme is less scalable as it needs to check if its lag time is still appropriate whenever there are any significant topology changes. However, the extra cost allows the Aloha-CS to achieve much better throughput and collision avoidance. Throughput maximizes for a definite offered load and average number of retransmission increases with offered load as expected. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Rodoplu and Park]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘An energy-efficient MAC protocol for underwater wireless acoustic networks’.  		 			V Rodoplu 		,  		 			M K Park 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proc. MTS/IEEE OCEANS'05},  				 (MTS/IEEE OCEANS'05)  		 	 
\bibitem[Kong et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Building underwater ad-hoc Networks and sensor networks for large scale real-time aquatic applications’.  		 			J Kong 		,  		 			J Hong Cui 		,  		 			D Wu 		,  		 			M Gerla 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of MILCOM},  				 (MILCOM)  		2005.  	 
\bibitem[Paolini et al. (2011)]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘High Throughput Random Access via Codes on Graphs: Coded Slotted ALOHA'' in Proc’.  		 			E Paolini 		,  		 			G Liva 		,  		 			M Chiani 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Int. Conf. Commun}  		2011. Jun. 2011.  	 
\bibitem[Merakos and Kazakos ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘On Retransmission Control Policies in Multiple-Access Communication Networks’.  		 			L Merakos 		,  		 			D Kazakos 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control}  		1985. 30  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ferrari and Tonguz (2003)]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Performance of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks With Aloha and PR-CSMA MAC Protocols’.  		 			G Ferrari 		,  		 			O Tonguz 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference},  				 (San Francisco, USA)  		December 2003. 5 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Abramson ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘The Aloha system -another alternative for computer communications’.  		 			N Abramson 		.  	 	 		\textit{AFIPS Conference Proceedings},  				1970. 36 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Rappaport ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Wireless Communicaions -Principles and Practice},  		 			T S Rappaport 		.  		2002. Pearson Education.  	 	 (Second Edition) 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
