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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{V.T.  Venkateswarlu}

             \author[2]{Dr.  P.V.Naganjaneyulu}

             \author[3]{Dr.  D.N.RAO}

             \affil[1]{  Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


WBASN is an effective solution that has been proposed in terms of improving the solutions and there are varied benefits that have been achieved from the usage of WBASN solutions in communication, healthcare domain. From the review of stats on rising number of wireless devices and solutions that are coming up which is embraced by the people as wearable devices, implants for medical diagnostic solutions, etc. reflect upon the growing demand for effective models. However, the challenge is about effective performance of such solutions with optimal efficiency. Due to certain intrinsic factors like numerous standards that are available, and also due to the necessity for identifying the best solutions that are based on application requirements. Some of the key issues that have to be considered in the process of WBASN are about the impacts that are taking place from the wireless medium, the lifetime of batteries in the WBASN devices and the other significant condition like the coexistence of the systems among varied other wireless networks that are constituted in the proximity. In this study, scores of models that has been proposed pertaining to MAC protocols for WBASN solutions has been reviewed to understand the efficacy of the existing systems, and a scope for process improvement has been explored for conducting in detail research and developing a solution.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{developing a solution. ieee 802.15.6, medium access control, physical layer, routing, wireless body area networks, wireless sensor networks, energy-ef}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
WBASN, a Wireless Body Area Sensor Network comprises numerous factors like the low-power, either invasive or non-invasive, miniaturized, lightweight devices that has wireless communication features which operates in close proximity to human body. For instances, the wearable devices and other such devices that can be placed in or around the body comprises some kind of wireless sensor nodes that can monitor the bodily functions and characteristics based on certain environment, and parameters.\par
There are numerous devices and solutions that have emerged in the market on the basis of WBASN that enable new applications; however, in terms of effective performance of such devices, there are numerous constraints that are envisaged in the process, which emphasize the need for contemporary solutions and protocols that could support in more effective implementation.\par
In terms of diversity that is envisaged in the applications right from the medical diagnostic and monitoring solutions to smart solutions for gaming, entertainment, communication and in varied domains, the scope of applications is on rise, however, the challenge is about the technical requirements in terms of wide variation that is taking place in the form of expected performance metrics, throughput or delay that is taking place, the levels of flexible architecture, and the protocols that are essential for successful functioning of the system.\par
Among the key communication standards that are adapted in the process of such devices, the reference standards are: 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
[1], 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
[2], and Bluetooth Low Energy \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
(published in 2006), which emphasizes more about physical ( ) PHY and also the Medium Access Controls ( ) MAC layers which has short-range wireless communications that are devised for supporting in effective features like low power consumption, low bit rate networks and of low cost solutions. The 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
(published in 2012), is categorically designed for wireless communications in the vicinity of, or from inside or to a human body insertion. The BTLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) model published in year 2010, has the ultra-low power consumption configuration for adaptation of bluetooth technology, and also in terms of targeting varied range of applications that are cost effective and the ones that has ultra-low power consumption configuration models, that are powered by button-cell batteries, and wireless sensors. Due to certain intrinsic factors like numerous standards that are available, and also due to the necessity for identifying the best solutions that are based on application requirements. Some of the key issues that have to be considered in the process of WBASN are about the impacts that are taking place from the wireless medium, the lifetime of batteries in the WBASN devices and the other significant condition like the coexistence of the systems among varied other wireless networks that are constituted in the proximity. The impact on radio wave propagation due to the human body presence is imperative, thus resulting in need for effective design of protocols and the peculiar radio channels. Also, the need for long battery lifetime has to be addressed using varied levels of energy efficient solutions as frequent replacement of batteries is a herculean task. The other critical factor that has to be taken in to consideration is about the outage occurrence which is resulting from the coexistence among the other wireless networks that are operating in similar frequency band. Majority of standard solutions for WBASN shall operate in the way of license-free Industrial Scientific and Medical ( ) ISIM band which is centered at 2. 45   GHz and such factors leads to co-existence of the solutions with other networks that are operating in same band. (e.g., WiFi 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
). In the proposed paper, the emphasis is on reviewing the taxonomy and the review of literature pertaining to recent developments in the kind of benchmarking routing protocols, MAC oriented protocols, pros and cons envisaged in terms of WBASNs (Wireless Body Area Networks). In the process, the focus is upon initially outlining the properties which are very crucial for handling the WBASN designs. Also identifying several sources contribute towards improving the QoS , qualitative comparisons of the protocol models shall be taken up in the process.\par
Wireless Body Area Networks always could interact with the other existing range of wireless solutions like ZigBee, Bluetooth,WSNs , and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), video surveillance solutions, Wireless Personal Area Network ( ) WPAN and many other cellular networks. There are significant developments that are taking place in the advanced consumer electronic systems which are far more effective in terms of performance and features, for improving the quality of life \hyperref[b3]{[4]}.\par
In the WBASN solutions, a paradigm shift is expected in how the solutions shall be adapted in the healthcare solutions, and with the rising trends of internet revolution, demand for such solutions are much higher. \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. WBASNs are very much effective in terms of facilitating information and communication technology solutions. \hyperref[b4]{[5]}; Some of the significant functions like monitoring, processing information, sampling, relaying of vital signs communications, real-time feedback system are some of the critical functions that are carried out without any kind of interruptions or discomforts. \hyperref[b4]{[5]} [6] \hyperref[b6]{[7]}.\par
Adapting the process of WBASN shall support in effective adaption of one's physiological parameters and also in terms of offering effective mobility and flexibility for the users. The features of offering data from large time intervals, in specific to the natural environment, doctors shall have much better information to patient's status \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. But the challenge is about the practical implementation, and acceptability of such solutions.\par
Such challenges lead to various issues pertaining to design and implementation related factors, as the key objectives for such system are about minimum delay, maximum throughput, network lifetime, and also in terms of reducing unnecessary communication pertaining to energy consumption. (e.g. control frame overhead, idle listening and frame collisions).\par
Also, the user oriented requirements of for the adoption of WBASN are about certain factors like the privacy, value of such systems, ease of implanting or ease of using, and the safety conditions  {\ref [5] [9]}. 
\section[{a) Types of Nodes in a WBAN}]{a) Types of Nodes in a WBAN}\par
A device that has communication scope and ability is considered as a node in WBASN . Nodes can be categorized in to three groups based on the functionalities, role in the network and implementation.\par
Such classification of nodes in WBASN is categorized in to following solutions.\par
Personal Devices ( ) PD -Such device is in charge of gathering information based on sensors and the actuators, and also plays a vital role in handling the interaction with the users. On the basis of such factors, the PD informs the users through an external gateway, focus on displaying information on the device or the actuators. There are many terminologies used for such devices as BCU (Body Control Unit), PDA or body gateway. \hyperref[b7]{[8]}.\par
Sensor -Sensors that are present in WBASN focus on certain parameters in an individual's body from either internal or external factors. Such nodes gather and respond the data on basis of physical stimuli and only process the necessary data on the basis of response to information. Such sensors could be of various types like physiological sensors or ambient or biokinetics  {\ref [8] [9]}. Some of the profoundly used sensors are , , , EMG EEG ECG Humidity detection sensors, blood glucose detection sensors, Temperature sensors, Plethysomgram sensors, motion sensors etc.\par
Actuators -Can be defined as a interaction system with the user for receiving data on the basis of sensors \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. Also, the role of it is to offer feedback to the network by using the acting on sensor data, and plays a vital role in the ubiquitous healthcare applications \hyperref[b9]{[10]} As per the standards defined in 802.15.6 IEEE , another set of classification for nodes that are based on WBASN have been depicted with the following factors \hyperref[b10]{[11]}  \hyperref[b11]{[12]} ? Implant nodes: Such nodes are used as implanting in the body or under the skin. ? Body Surface Nodes are the ones that are usually placed on human body or near the human body ? External Node are the ones that never are in close physical contact to human system 'On the basis of nodes classification in WBASN , the role of network could be defined as:\par
Coordinator node can be defined as a communicator to the external world and the ones by which all the nodes communicate.\par
End Nodes in WBASN are considered to be limiting performance to the embedded application, but they do not have the features of relaying messages from alternate nodes.\par
Relay is the intermediate nodes that are used for the process, and every relay node has a parent node, and also a child node, and some kind of relay messages. The essence of such a node is about the way the data is relayed to the other nodes before reaching the PDA . Such relay nodes are also effective in terms of data sensing. 
\section[{b) Number of Nodes in a WBAN}]{b) Number of Nodes in a WBAN}\par
In [13], \hyperref[b12]{[14]}, \hyperref[b13]{[15]}, \hyperref[b14]{[16]}, numerous solutions has been discussed pertaining to IEEE standards in terms of technical requirements for WBASN and the range focus on few actuators to sensor communicating alongside the portable handsets that are adapted high in numbers. In a typical medical network based WBASN comprises 6 nodes that has scalable configuration for supporting even to the levels of 256 nodes \hyperref[b14]{[16]}.\par
There are varied ranges of operating range that is discussed in the factors, on the basis of support in the form of 256 nodes for each network within a 6m3 cube \hyperref[b15]{[17]}, \hyperref[b16]{[18]}, \hyperref[b17]{[19]}. Only a single hub is permitted to focus on WBASN while the number of nodes that are ranging from 0 to n MaxBanSize is defined to be 64 as per 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
standards because of the transmission strategy factors. \hyperref[b18]{[20]}. The value of this octet ranges between 00\par
x and xFF (0-255).\par
Despite the fact that that there is no limitation to the number of nodes in WBASN, still the limitations is related to network in terms of communication protocols , architecture and the techniques of transmission that are adapted in the real-time scenarios. based topology for effective communication by positioning at strategic location \hyperref[b19]{[21]}, \hyperref[b20]{[22]}. The communication methods that are adapted is based on beacon mode or non-beacon model ones. The transmission takes place based on the beacons for beginning and ending at a super frame for enabling network association and also device synchronization.\par
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance ( / ) CSMA CA is adapted in non-beacon mode as and when essential for the process. \hyperref[b21]{[23]}. In the case of WBASN , the coordinator is termed as sink node, and the ones that have one-hop start topology and for multihop architecture, nodes are usually connected to access points on the basis of other nodes. \hyperref[b22]{[24]}.\par
From the new version of standard protocol developed as per IEEE standards, two hops are adapted in IEEE WBASN standards for compliant communication. Also some of the proprietary systems which could adapt more than two hops are also considered in the process. However, the interoperability turns to be a major concern, as there is significant challenge in terms of standard compliant. 
\section[{d) Communication Architecture of WBASNs}]{d) Communication Architecture of WBASNs}\par
Communication Architecture of WBASNs can be classified in to three tiers as:? Tier-1: Intra-WBASN communication ? Tier-2: Inter-WBASN communication ? Tier-3: Beyond-WBASN communication\par
Tier-1: depicts inputs on network interaction of the nodes and also the respective transmission ranges around the human body.\par
Tier-2: works as communication tier between PS and one or more access points ( ) APs . The APs are an integral part of infrastructure that shall be posi-tioned in dynamic environment. Tier-2 communication shall interconnect WBASNs for various networks and the ones that are easily accessed for daily life too. \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. some of the paradigms that are considered as sub cate-gories for inter-WBASN communication are infrastru-cture based architecture and the ad-hoc based architecture. \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Tier-3: Beyond-WBASN Communication is about usage of metropolitan areas, and a gateway like the PDA can be adapted for bridging gap between Tier-2 and the Tier-3. Database is one of the most effective components for Tier-3, and tier-3 usually restores necessary information from a patient, which is used for treatment. 
\section[{e) Layers of Wbans}]{e) Layers of Wbans}\par
Predominantly the PHY and MAC layers are the ones that are proposed as per the approved standards of 802.15x , as they not have any network, or the application layer transport and hence the call for Year 2016( ) i. Physical Layer\par
The activation and deactivation in the case of CCA (Clear Channel Assessment) and radio transceivers and data transmission is the accountability of PHY layers in 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
, for any kind of current channel data reception and transmission. Also, the choice of physical layer is more dependent on the levels of target applications that are established as implant in the body or in the off-body locations. Usually the PHY layer comprises a procedure for transformation of a PSDU (physical layer service data unit) towards PPDU (a physical layer protocol data unit). HBC PHY has supported with Electrostatic Field Communication ( ) EFC requirements that support in modulation and start frame delimiter ( ) SFD , which are specified data pattern generated and sent before the packet header and payload. SFD Sequence shall be transmitted once while the preamble sequence is sent four times to ensure packet synchronization. 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
The UWB physical layer shall be used for communication amidst of on-body devices and the offbody devices. The physical header focuses on information from the scrambler seed, length of payload and also on the basis of rate of PSDU . Also, the receiver focuses on information in PHR for decoding PSDU .\par
In UBB PHY there are two frequency bands that exist like the high band and low band, which are divided in to two channels as bandwidth of 499.2 MHz. One of the channels is considered to be mandatory channel comprising support by UWB devices.\par
ii. MAC Layer The 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
working group defines a MAC layer on top of the PHY layer adapted for controlling the channel access, using the hub, which chooses the beacon periods of equal length for binding the super frame. Offsets in the beacon periods are also shifted by Hub, and the beacons are usually sent during each beacon period, if not prohibited by any kind regulations by MICS band. \hyperref[b23]{[25]}.\par
The coordinator for the channel access coordination is evaluated on the basis of three access modes:\par
? Beacon Mode with Beacon Period Super-frame Boundaries ? Non-Beacon Mode with Super-Frame boundaries ? Non-Beacon Mode without super-frame boundaries\par
In each period of super frame, there are three categories of access mechanisms as\par
? Scheduled Access and Variants ? Unscheduled and Improvised Access ? Random Access Mechanism 
\section[{f) Routing in WBASN}]{f) Routing in WBASN}\par
There are numerous routing protocols that has been developed for Ad Hoc Networks \hyperref[b24]{[26]} and WSNs [27]. Also the WBASNs shall be similar to MANETs which in terms focus on moving topology comprising group-based movement rather than any kind of nodebased movement \hyperref[b26]{[28]}. WBASNs Comprising regular energy issues that are faced for power transmission when compared to traditional sensor for Ad Hoc networks, which are on the basis of node replacements categorically for implanting nodes, which depict more regulated energy factors. Also, in the case of WBASN there are more changes in terms of topology and also in terms of higher moving speed, despite of static or low mobility scenarios \hyperref[b26]{[28]}. Due to certain factors like the aforementioned factors and specific WBASN challenges, the routing protocols that are designed for MANET and WSNs shall not be effective to WBASNs \hyperref[b27]{[29]}. 
\section[{g) Challenges of Routing in WBASNs}]{g) Challenges of Routing in WBASNs}\par
Some of the significant challenges in terms of routing for WBASNs are: i. Physical Layer Challenges other parties to focus upon them. In 802.15.6 IEEE ( ) WBASN working group has defined new PHY and MAC control layers with low complexity, reduced cost of operations and also in terms of offering ultra-low power and short range of wireless communication around human body. The introduction of logical node management and the hub management entity models were also developed to address such solutions.\par
PHY layer of protocols are developed for minimizing the power consumption without compromising on reliability, but the crux is that current models of wireless technologies are having high peak current and also supports in minimizing the average current that is drawn by duty cycling of radio between active and sleep modes. \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. Also, the interference is also the other major setback in WBASN systems, despite of the developments that are taking place in terms of improving the co-existence. Also, the value of employing transmits power control for minimizing the interference and focusing on WBASN node battery E lifetime has to be given importance. Off-body interference resulting from collision withexternal sensors is also a challenge envisaged in the process \hyperref[b28]{[30]}.\par
ii 
\section[{. MAC Layer Challenges}]{. MAC Layer Challenges}\par
The mechanisms that are constituted in 
\section[{IEEE}]{IEEE}\par
is not designed based upon complete MAC protocols and only the basis requirements towards addressing the interoperability issues are addressed in such factors, by developing message exchange protocols and packet formats, in terms of further research questions. Reliability which is a major factor in terms of design is also the other key challenge that has to be addressed in the process. In the instances where the reliability is not achieving from onehop star topology, the relays are adapted for achieving the outcome. \hyperref[b29]{[31]}. Also, WBASNs require specific QoS requirements that are to be adhered by the MAC proposal \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. 
\section[{h) Transport (QoS) Challenges}]{h) Transport (QoS) Challenges}\par
The QoS requirements of the applications in WBASNs have to be addressed with any performance dwindling and without any kind of complexities in place. Also, in real-time, some of the WBASNs are significantly impacted in terms of loss and relay, and the issue of limited memory impacts to great extent the outcome that is expected from the process. At times, the QoS features like the bandwidth, reliability and the delay in the process could impact in terms of performance of the system. In order to achieve a lower level of packet loss, the transmit power have to be increased which shall result in increased levels of relative power consumption.\par
Both in the WSNs \hyperref[b30]{[32]} and also in MANETs \hyperref[b31]{[33]}, the routing protocol systems have been extensively reviewed in the earlier times, and it is imperative that significant standards in terms of BANs have some impact in terms of constraints on the design for the routing protocol, which also results in significant challenges in terms of routing performance. In the implementation of WSNs the energy efficient routing protocols are more sensitive in terms of data in terms of memory access, processing of data and other such kind of measurements. \hyperref[b32]{[34]}.\par
While WSN nodes are homogenous, the BAN nodes are heterogeneous and also have wide range scope in terms of data rate and available energy \hyperref[b33]{[35]}, the mobility might also vary. \hyperref[b32]{[34]}  \hyperref[b33]{[35]}. Also, BAN routing must take in to account the variations in the body, impact of radiation on tissue heating and limited energy resources, in terms of adapting available resources for further reducing the intervals for batter charging, enhancing network lifespan and also for developing quality system. Despite the fact that the characteristics of BANs are to an extent similar to MANETs and WSNs , still the unique difference could be attributed to contemporary solutions that are essential in terms of routing protocols. 
\section[{a) Temperature based Routing}]{a) Temperature based Routing}\par
Magnetic and electric fields are generated from the radio signals that are generated using wireless communication solutions. The high level of radiation emitting and the exposure to such levels of radiation, results in increased temperature levels in the human body. \hyperref[b34]{[36]}, which could impact to health implications. \hyperref[b35]{[37]}.\par
In the temperature oriented routing algorithms that are provided, the emphasis is on reducing the hotspots. The levels of heating and radiation absorption in the body are some of the significant factors considered in the design of such routing protocols. TARA(Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm) \hyperref[b34]{[36]} is one of the effective models that has been proposed which works on addressing the temperature issues, however, the issue of reliability and packet loss rations, along with low network life time are some of the key issues in the model, which has been overcome in the other model proposed as Least Temperature Routing Algorithm ( ) LTR \hyperref[b36]{[38]} and Adaptive Least Temperature Routing ( ) ALTR \hyperref[b36]{[38]}. But one of the challenges is about how the temperature of each need to understand the other node level temperature is one of the major drawbacks for the solution \hyperref[b7]{[8]}.\par
HPR \hyperref[b35]{[37]} is another biomedical based sensor network routing algorithm proposed with the objective of reducing impact of delay-sensitive issues and the ones that work towards reducing the average packet delay and also in terms of avoiding hotspot formation. Also HPR chose the routes that constitute minimum hops from sender node levels to the destination nodes and Thermal-Aware Shortest Hop Routing ( ) TSHR also provides similar kind of solutions., but the challenge with such models are about lifetime and reliability. Movassaghi et al. \hyperref[b37]{[39]}, have provided a detailed comparison amongst the routing protocols proposed thus far for ( ) WBASNs . 
\section[{b) Cluster-based Routing}]{b) Cluster-based Routing}\par
Among the contemporary routing protocols, the cluster based routing protocols that are adapted in WBANs divide the nodes in to varied clusters and for every cluster developed; cluster-head for each of the cluster is assigned. Using the cluster heads the data transmission from sensor to sink is carried out. Prime objective of such routing protocols are to focus on III. Contemporary Affirmation of Benchmarking Routing Strategies in WBASN reducing the number of direct transmissions that are taking place from the sensors to the base station. Also, the overhead and the delay related to cluster selection are considered to be key drawbacks for such protocols.\par
In \hyperref[b38]{[40]}, adapting a data generating protocol using "Anybody" has been proposed for reducing the quantum of direct transmissions in to base station. In the proposed model, LEACH \hyperref[b39]{[41]} is used as fundamental model which focus on spreading energy dissipation at frequent intervals using the cluster-heads. Such data is used for gathering information and sending to the base station using the cluster heads. In the LEACH model, it is presumed that all nodes are in the sending range of the base station, but in the proposed model, the issue is addressed by changing the clusterhead selection and developing a robust network comprising of cluster-heads. But one of the key limitations is that the energy efficiency issues are not considered in the model. One of the other issues in the LEACH protocol is about Hybrid Indirect Transmissions (HIT)  {\ref [42[}which is resulting in improving energy efficiency, that is not considered in the process.\par
Culpepper et al \hyperref[b41]{[43]}, \hyperref[b42]{[44]} discussed another effective model of data generating protocol which focus on reducing the number of direct transmissions towards the base station, and by using multi-hop indirect transmissions for a cluster and also for multiple clusters that are adjacent. The analysis of HIT and HITm has depicted some kind of network delay despite of high energy efficiency and network life time. It is imperative that HIT needs more effective communication energy while handling dense networks and the issues of reliability and conflicting interaction in the route is not addressed. \hyperref[b32]{[34]}. 
\section[{c) Probabilistic Routing}]{c) Probabilistic Routing}\par
There are other alternative routing protocols like the probable of cost factor in to account and work towards developing a route that is carried out with minimum cost, but such protocols require numerous transmissions for updating link-state information, which could be a constraint in terms of implementing blanket range of protocols.\par
Movassaghiet.al \hyperref[b43]{[45]} proposed Energy Efficient Thermal and Power Aware routing ( ) ETPA which has offered an effective solution for the proposed factors of relative costing solutions. Also, some of the other intrinsic aspects like the high depletion time which could result in lasting communication within the nodes are also considered inWBASNs .\par
PSR routing framework proposed by Liang et.al \hyperref[b44]{[46]}, PRPLC \hyperref[b45]{[47]} that is proposed in terms of Link Likelihood Factor ( ) LLF were also certain models along with contemporary solutions like DVRPLC \hyperref[b46]{[48]} is the other set of models that has been proposed in terms of addressing the probabilistic factors in the conditions. 
\section[{d) Cross Layer Routing}]{d) Cross Layer Routing}\par
Cross layover routing protocols can be stated as the ones that focus on challenges in the network layer and with the other layers. Despite the fact that such protocols have low energy consumption, still the issues could be more about high path loss and also impact on body motion. Some of the significant models like WASP (Wireless Autonomous Spanning Tree Protocol) which is proposed in \hyperref[b47]{[49]} focus addressing the issues of by focusing on WASP cycles for effective distribution manner, for offering medium access coordination and also in terms of improving traffic routing.\par
The Controlling Access with Distributed Slot Assignment protocol ( ) CICADA \hyperref[b48]{[50]}  BIOCOMM \hyperref[b50]{[52]} is another cross layer routing protocol designed with the fundamental as interaction of the MAC and network layer in biomedical sensor networks to optimize overall network performance. This interaction is achieved through a Cross-layer Messaging Interface ( ) CMI via which the MAC layer sends its status information to the network layer and vice-versa. 
\section[{e) Qos based Routing}]{e) Qos based Routing}\par
Among the varied levels of routing protocols that are discuss QoS based routing protocols are some of the key models. There are numerous methods that has been proposed based on power efficiency model and also taking in to account varied range of metrics and parameters that could support in effective process of routing. A novel QoS related routing protocol ( ) LOCALMOR is proposed in \hyperref[b51]{[53]} for improving the biomedical applications for sensor networks.\par
It is imperative from the review of solutions that the key issue that is envisaged in the routing path is predominantly related to path routing, and geographic routing issues. Despite the fact that majority of such constraints has been addressed in the process of RL QRP ? algorithm, the impact in terms of  
\section[{IV. MAC Protocols}]{IV. MAC Protocols}\par
Varied sources contribute to the energy inefficiency in the system, and collisions are one of the major factors that are leading to the energy inefficiency. Collisions result as a part of two or more sensor nodes attempting for data packets transmission in simultaneous manner. There are many over emission issues that result from the issues like prolonged transmission of message whilst the destination node not being comfortable in terms of accepting such transmission. Time Division Multiple Access ( ) TDMA and the Clear Channel Assessment ( ) CCA models are some of the solutions that are developed, towards addressing such conditions of emission related implications.\par
There are wide ranges of Energy protocols that are adapted in terms of focusing on essential behavior of protocols, wherever possible. Contention-based MAC like the Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance ( / ) CSMA CA protocols nodes competes for the channel to transmit data. CSMA based MAC protocols defined in some of the related models \hyperref[b53]{[54]} [55] \hyperref[b55]{[56]} [57] \hyperref[b58]{[58]} are very effective solutions, and the node defers for the transmission for making it idle.\par
/ CSMA CA has the issues of protocol reliability Some of the critical models like the TDMA related contention-free MAC protocols \hyperref[b59]{[59]}- \hyperref[b62]{[62]} are considered to be very effective and energy-efficient MAC protocols, but the stipulated standards of WBASN are turning out to be some of the limitation for the model.\par
In the recent past, there are many MAC protocols that have been published for WBASN The table below indicates the scope of TDMA based MAC protocols that could be adapted for significant development in the solution.  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Wireless Body Area Networks are turning out to be very significant development and globally with the kind of demand for wearable devices and also the way wireless devices and solutions are being adapted in terms of medical, healthcare diagnostics and also in the process of communication, the WBASN related routing protocols has gained significant importance. Alongside the positive developments, even the challenges and complexities in terms of handling such solutions are also rising to great extent. Right from ensuring that the PHY and MAC do not have impact from external factors to increasing the efficiency and performance, rising the standards of co-existence that is taking place in the system, there are various factors that has to be taken in to consideration.\par
In the proposed paper, the emphasis is on reviewing the taxonomy and the review of literature pertaining to recent developments in the kind of benchmarking routing protocols, MAC oriented protocols, pros and cons envisaged in terms of WBASNs (Wireless Body Area Networks). In the process, the from the outlining the properties that are very crucial for handling the WBASN designs. Many sources contributing towards improving the QoS , qualitative comparisons of the protocol models are reviewed in the process, and from the review of literature, it is imperative that despite of numerous models that has evolved, still in terms of improving the operational efficacy, there are potential solutions that could be achieved from the process.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2016\\
22\\
Volume XVI Issue VII Version I\\
)\\
(\\
Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology\\
© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6926636568848759\textwidth}P{0.04221218961625282\textwidth}P{0.019187358916478554\textwidth}P{0.015349887133182843\textwidth}P{0.019187358916478554\textwidth}P{0.0518058690744921\textwidth}P{0.009593679458239277\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Timezone Coordinated Sleeping Mechanism}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{( TICOSS [51] adjusts all nodes as Full Functional )}\\
Devices (\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{) FDD and enhances the}\tabcellsep IEEE\tabcellsep 802.15.4\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{standard by configuring the shortest path route to the}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{WBASN coordinator,}\tabcellsep preserving\tabcellsep \tabcellsep energy\tabcellsep and\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{minimizing hidden terminal collisions through V-}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{scheduling (due to V-shape communication flow), which}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{doubles the operational lifetime of}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{IEEE}\tabcellsep 802.15.4\tabcellsep for\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{high traffic scenarios and extending}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{IEEE}\tabcellsep 802.15.4\tabcellsep to\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{support mobility.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.8442176870748299\textwidth}P{0.005782312925170068\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{independent distributed reinforcement learning model}\\
(\tabcellsep )\\
Year 2016\tabcellsep \\
24\tabcellsep \\
Volume XVI Issue VII Version I\tabcellsep \\
)\tabcellsep \\
E\tabcellsep \\
(\tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.551595744680851\textwidth}P{0.1853723404255319\textwidth}P{0.018085106382978722\textwidth}P{0.036170212765957444\textwidth}P{0.013563829787234041\textwidth}P{0.045212765957446804\textwidth}}
solutions.\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{, CDMA FDMA BSNs and many other such ,}\\
models\tabcellsep has\tabcellsep been\tabcellsep proposed\tabcellsep for\tabcellsep successful\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{implementation. [63]-[68]. In the table-1 comparative}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{analysis of MAC protocols for WBASN has been}\\
provided.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.008163265306122448\textwidth}P{0.06683673469387755\textwidth}P{0.10612244897959183\textwidth}P{0.025510204081632654\textwidth}P{0.03265306122448979\textwidth}P{0.2183673469387755\textwidth}P{0.11581632653061225\textwidth}P{0.2515306122448979\textwidth}P{0.024999999999999998\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep WiseMAC\tabcellsep np-CSMA/Listening\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Adaptive traffic loads and for also in terms of mobility support}\tabcellsep Decentralized system might lead to variations in the sleep and wake-up times.\tabcellsep Could resourceful for be Normal traffic applications\\
26 Year 2016\tabcellsep Protocols\tabcellsep Performance Comparison\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Time Synchronization Needed}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Reasons for Lifetime of network Energy-Efficiency}\tabcellsep High traffic overheads Comments\\
\tabcellsep PACT[59]\tabcellsep TDMA/Passive Clustering\tabcellsep No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{shall be prolonged which is a better}\tabcellsep could be a major challenge.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep solution\tabcellsep Effective for low delay\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep applications\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Distributed protocol}\tabcellsep Additional\tabcellsep overhead\\
\tabcellsep LEACH[60]\tabcellsep TDMA/Clustering\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep performs\tabcellsep better\tabcellsep essential for dynamic\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{scope of system.}\tabcellsep clustering.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep WBAN coordinator shall\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep work as cluster-head\\
) E\tabcellsep FLAMA[61]\tabcellsep TDMA/Scheduling\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Less increased reliability delay, and effective energy savings}\tabcellsep Support issues for multi-channels synchronization. Resourceful for normal traffic conditions.\\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Optimal set of cluster\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep overhead\tabcellsep heads shall be a\\
\tabcellsep HEED[62]\tabcellsep TDMA/Clustering\tabcellsep Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{conditions, increased lifetime and}\tabcellsep constraint. WBAN\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep coordinator shall work\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep as cluster-head\\
\tabcellsep Omeni[69]\tabcellsep Zigbee, Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11\tabcellsep NO\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Centrally controlled system resulting in better energy consumption}\tabcellsep Resourceful for Applications like ECG Machines and other similar monitoring solutions.\\
\tabcellsep MedMAC [70]\tabcellsep IEEE 802.15.4 MAC\tabcellsep NO\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Increased efficiency using adjustments dynamical energy for QoS}\tabcellsep Effective for low rate and medium Data rate and Medical applications\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{requirements}\\
\tabcellsep Marinkovic [71]\tabcellsep Protocols described in[69], [72]\tabcellsep YES\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Reduced consumption}\tabcellsep power\tabcellsep Short bursts of data could be sent easily\\
\tabcellsep BodyMAC [73]\tabcellsep IEEE 802.15.4 MAC\tabcellsep YES\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Improved energy efficiency. node}\tabcellsep Resourceful for periodic data sensing and event reporting\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep V.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{2nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks(pp. 138-139). IEEE.} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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