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\title{Designing and Analysis of T-Shape Microstrip Antenna for the 4G Systems}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Amit  Kumar}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2012 Accepted: 5 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In this paper, the designing and analysis of T-shape microstrip patch antenna presented. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required for the operation of fourth generation wireless systems. The operating frequency of antenna is 2.5 GHz, the dielectric constant and thickness of the antenna is 4.2, 1.6mm respectively. The simulation results of antenna are done by the help of IE3D Zeland Software (Version 12.0) and MATLAB programming. For the analysis of antenna we used the popular Finite difference time domain method (FDTD). This antenna is fed by a co-axial probe feeding. In this paper, the effects of different types of antenna parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), impedance etc. are also studied.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{microstrip antenna, 4G system, FDTD, return loss, VSWR.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he MSA in 1953 \hyperref[b0]{[1]} and practical antennas were developed by Munson \hyperref[b1]{[2,}\hyperref[b2]{3]} and Howell \hyperref[b3]{[4]} in the 1970s. The numerous advantages of MSA, such as its low weight, small volume, and ease of fabrication using printed-circuit technology, led to the design of several configurations for various applications \hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]} {\ref [8]} {\ref [9]}. With increasing requirements for personal and mobile communications, the demand for smaller and low-profile antennas has brought the MSA to the forefront. An MSA in its simplest form consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side. The T-shape of microstrip patch antenna as shown in Figure  {\ref 1}. However, other shapes, such as the square, circular, triangular, semicircular, and annular ring shapes etc. In this paper, we present a designing of T-shaped microstrip patch antenna and show the results for return losses operating at different frequencies. The dielectric constant (? r =4.2) of the dielectric substrate and thickness of the substrate h=1.6 mm. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Designing Of T-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna}]{Designing Of T-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna}\par
The Figure  {\ref 1}. Shows the T-shaped microstrip patch antenna. The T-shaped microstrip patch antenna is simpler in construction. The geometry is shown in figure  {\ref 2}.  + = + = r r r r f v f W ? ? ? µ (1)\par
Where ? o is the free-space velocity of light.2 1 12 1 2 1 2 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? + + = W h r r reff ? ? ? (2)\par
Where the dimensions of the patch along its length have been extended on each end by a distance ?L, which is a function of the effective dielectric constant ? reff and the width-to-height ratio (W/h), and the normalized extension of the length, is ( )( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + = ? 8 . 0 258 . 0 264 . 0 3 . 0 412 . 0 h W h W h L reff reff ? ? (3)\par
The actual length of the patch (L) can be determine as\par
The designing of the microstrip patch antenna by the used of IE3D electromagnetic three dimensional simulators and MATLAB programming. The dimensions of the T-shaped microstrip patch antenna parameters as shown in table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. III. 
\section[{Analysis of Antenna using FDTD Method}]{Analysis of Antenna using FDTD Method}\par
The basic FDTD space grid and time-stepping algorithm trace back to a seminal 1966 paper by Kane Yee in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (Yee 1966). The descriptor "Finite-difference time domain" and its corresponding "FDTD" acronym were originated by Allen Taflove in a 1980 paper in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility (Taflove 1980). The FDTD method has been used for the analysis for the probe-fed microstrip patch antennas and can indeed yield very accurate highly result. The FDTD method uses Maxwell's equations which define the propagation of an electromagnetic wave and the relationship between electric and magnetic field, these areE t H × ?? = ? ? µ (5) H J t E × ? = + ? ? ? (6) ? ? = ? ? E (7) 0 = ? ? H (8)\par
By applying appropriate boundary conditions on sources, conductors and mesh walls an approximate solution of these educations can be find over a finite three-dimensional domain. The equation in the i direction gives: Y h ? r W L L 1 L 3 W 1 W 2 T-shape patchL f L reff r ? ? = 2 2 1 0 0 ? µ ? (4) y E Z E t H Z Y x ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? µ (9)\par
The maximum time step that may be used is limited by the stability restriction of the finite difference equations. This is given by2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? + ? ? ? z y x c t (10)\par
Where c is the speed of light (300 000 000 m.s?1) and Î?"x, Î?"y and Î?"z are the dimensions of the unit element.\par
IV. 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
The simulated results of the return loss, VSWR, and Radiation pattern of E and H plane as shown in fig  {\ref 3} (a) (b) and (c).The return loss is -13.63 dB, VSWR 1.562, and the bandwidth of the antenna is 123 MHz at the 2.5 GHz resonant frequency. The result of the return loss (-16.78 dB) by using MATLAB programming as shown in Figure  {\ref 4}. The results of the T-shape microstrip patch antenna as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} Simulation results using IE3D and MATLAB programming.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}E}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{334}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 Figure 3 :Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5819230769230769\textwidth}P{0.26807692307692305\textwidth}}
parameters\tabcellsep \\
Frequency fr\tabcellsep 2.5 GHz\\
W\tabcellsep 37.21\\
W 1\tabcellsep 27.21\\
W 2\tabcellsep 10\\
L\tabcellsep 28.89\\
L 1\tabcellsep 12\\
L 2\tabcellsep 16.89\\
L 3\tabcellsep 4.89\\
Dielectric constant ? r\tabcellsep 4.2\\
Thickness of the\tabcellsep 1.6\\
substrate h\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.12318840579710146\textwidth}P{0.3695652173913043\textwidth}P{0.2217391304347826\textwidth}P{0.13550724637681158\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{programming}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No. Parameters}\tabcellsep Results\tabcellsep Software\\
1\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Return loss 1 -13.63 dB}\tabcellsep IE3D\\
2\tabcellsep VSWR\tabcellsep 1.562\tabcellsep IE3D\\
3\tabcellsep Return loss 2\tabcellsep -16.78\tabcellsep MATLAB\\
4\tabcellsep Bandwidth\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{123MHz Theoretical}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{E ? ?} 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{EDesigning and Analysis of T-Shape Microstrip Antenna for the 4G Systems} 			\footnote{EDesigning and Analysis of T-Shape Microstrip Antenna for the 4G Systems} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Balanis ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Antenna theory-Analysis and Design},  		 			Constantine Balanis 		.  		1997. John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.  	 	 (Reprinted) 
\bibitem[Munson ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Conformal Microstrip Antennas and Microstrip Phased Arrays’.  		 			R E Munson 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation}  		1974. 22 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Wong ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{Design of Nonplanar Microstrip Antennas and Transmission Lines},  		 			K L Wong 		.  		1999. New York: Wiley.  	 
\bibitem[Yang et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Design Small-Size and Wide-Band Tshaped patch Antenna on Ceramic Substrate’.  		 			Cheng-Fu Yang 		,  		 			Chang-Yi Hsieh 		,  		 			Chien-Min Cheng 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation}  		2007. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Howell (1975)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		 			J Q Howell 		.  	 	 		\textit{Microstrip Antennas},  				January 1975. p. .  	 
\bibitem[James and Hall ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		 			J R James 		,  		 			P S Hall 		.  		\textit{Handbook of Microstrip Antennas},  				 (London)  		1989. Peter Peregrinus Ltd. 1.  	 
\bibitem[Deschamps ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Microstrip Microwave Antennas’.  		 			G A Deschamps 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proc. 3rd USAF Symposium on Antennas},  				 (3rd USAF Symposium on Antennas)  		1953.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}