\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Face Recognition using Morphological Analysis of Images}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2017 2017-01-15 (revised: 20 Year 2017 15 January 2017)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2017 2017-01-15} \title{Face Recognition using Morphological Analysis of Images} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Saiba Nazah} \author[2]{Md. Monjurul Islam} \affil[1]{ Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2016 Accepted: 2 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Face recognition from still and motion image has been an active and emerging research area in the field of image processing, pattern recognition and so on in the recent years . The challenges associated with discriminant face recognition can be attributed to the following factors such as pose, facial expression, occlusion, image orientation, image condition, presence or absence of structural component and many more. In this paper, we have tried to emphasize on the morphological analysis of images based on the behavior of the intensity value. Firstly images with various situations of a person are selected as training images. Based on the min, max and average characteristics of images, the training model has been built. Morphological analysis like binary image processing, erosion and dilation play the important role to identify the facial portion of an image from the whole one. Finally face recognition has been made for input images based on their intensity value measurement. The training images collected from various database such as YALE, ORL, and UMIST and others. The algorithm performed well and showed 80 percent accuracy on face prediction \end{abstract} \keywords{face recognition, intensity value, morphological analysis, binary image.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{I. Introduction and Background Study}]{I. Introduction and Background Study}\par ace recognition research started in the late 1970s and has become one of the most active and exciting research areas in computer vision and pattern recognition since 1990s. Many algorithms have been developed for face recognition in the last years. Among the crucial issues of face recognition technology, the low-dimensional feature represent action with enhanced discriminatory power is of paramount importance in face recognition systems \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.\par Many dimension reduction methods are proposed in the past research, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) \hyperref[b1]{[2]}, principal component analysis (PCA) \hyperref[b2]{[3]}, and independent component analysis \hyperref[b3]{[4]}, and so on. But for face recognition problem, owing to the nonlinear and complex distribution of face images under a perceivable variation in viewpoint, illumination or facial expression, the linear techniques, such as PCA or LDA, cannot provide reliable and robust solutions to those face recognition problems with complex face variations \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. In this paper, we have applied a method to propose morphological analysis for face recognition. \section[{II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY}]{II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY}\par The main objective of our work is to develop a technique that recognizes face using morphological analysis. The step by step procedure has been discussed below:\par ? Step 1: Choose a set of training image from any directory under various situations to get required image whose information is required for training purposes.\par ? Step 2: Find the binary images from the original images.\par ?\par Step 3: Morphological operations on the training set of images are done to calculate the average intensity value. We also calculate the minimum and maximum value from the set values of the training images.\par The information is stored for further processing of the face recognition.\par ? Step 4: Select an input image which completely or slightly differs from the training images.\par ? Step 5: Face recognition of the input image is done. Newly calculated average intensity value is compared with database images. The mostly matched image is used to identify the name of the person.\par The overall procedure of proposed image recognition technique is illustrated in Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{1}. The component of the algorithms like binary image processing, erosion and dilation are described in the sub section A. \hyperref[b0]{1} \section[{i. Binary Image Processing}]{i. Binary Image Processing}\par A binary image is a digital image that has only two possible values for each pixel. Typically the two colors used for a binary image are black and white though any two colors can be used. The color used for the object(s) in the image is the foreground color while the rest of the image is the background color. In case of binary operation we approach by this procedure:\par ? Step 1: Take an input as a binary image and convert it into two dimensional images such as 640*480, 480 *320 and so on. Then intensity value like 0 and 1 will be found. ? Step 2: Add all these pixels value by this way 0+1+1+1+1+0+1+1+?????.and finally found the total pixel value for the face region.\par ? Step 3: Since we get all input from database thus the size of the all pixel are comparatively same. Now we divide the binary image pixel value with the total pixel value to get a value which ranged from 0 to 1. \section[{b) Structuring Element}]{b) Structuring Element}\par The basic idea in binary morphology is to probe an image with a simple, pre-defined shape, drawing conclusions on how this shape fits or misses the shapes in the image. This simple "probe" is called structuring element, and is itself a binary image (i.e., a subset of the space or grid).\par Dilation is an operation that "grows" or "thickens" objects in a binary image. The specific manner and extent if this thickening is controlled by a shape referred to as structuring element. This image was produced by two dilation passes using a disk shaped structuring element. Dilation is one of the two basic operators in the area of mathematical morphology, the other being erosion. It is typically applied to binary images, but there are versions that work on grayscale images. The basic effect of the operator on a binary image is to gradually enlarge the boundaries of regions of foreground pixels (i.e. white pixels, typically). Thus areas of foreground pixels grow in size while holes within those regions become smaller. \section[{III. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS}]{III. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS}\par The experiment has been done on 400 images for training purposes. For the clarity of the algorithm, we included 20 images of US Ex-president Obama and Clinton. The algorithm is tested with 40 images and performed significantly well than the existing state of the art. The detection procedure of an image is shown in Figure 4. It has been shown the image of Barak Obama. The average intensity value which is obtained here found very close to the training images intensity value. This makes the assumption that the image is the Ex-president Obama. The comparative analysis of our new improved face recognition method with other face recognition method is given in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}. \section[{IV. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS}]{IV. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS}\par In this paper, For our experiment we built the model by using approximately 400 training images which reflected on the accuracy of the algorithms. It should be tested for various methods and then can be select the best one. Here all sets of pictures contains in one database. For further improvement we can experiment with multiple databases. Kernel Optimization criteria can be used for future improvement.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Face}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5464285714285715\textwidth}P{0.03195488721804511\textwidth}P{0.2716165413533835\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Start\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Trained Image\\ Input Image\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Calculate Intensity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Measure Intensity\\ Value\tabcellsep \tabcellsep value\\ Calculate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Calculate\\ Max,Min,Avg\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max,Min,Avg\\ No\tabcellsep Is\tabcellsep Yes\\ \tabcellsep Similar?\tabcellsep \\ The Face Is Not Recognized\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Face is Recognized\\ Difference From All\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Exit\\ Images Based on\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Intensity Value\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Take the Minimum\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Recognize the Image\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Exit\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.48571428571428565\textwidth}P{0.11275510204081633\textwidth}P{0.2515306122448979\textwidth}} Characteristics\tabcellsep Existing models\tabcellsep New Improved model\\ Required space for\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ processing the\tabcellsep More\tabcellsep Comparatively less\\ trained image\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Time Required for\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ processing the\tabcellsep More\tabcellsep Comparatively less\\ trained image\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Accuracy\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep High\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Fromherz et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} ‘A survey of face recognition’. T Fromherz , P Stucki , M Bichsel . 97.01. \textit{MML Technical Report} 1997. Dept. of Computer Science, University of Zurich \bibitem[Belhumeur et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Eigen faces vs. Fisher faces: recognition using class specific linear projection’. P N Belhumeur , J P Hespanha , D J Kriegman . \textit{IEEE} 1997. 19 (7) p. . \bibitem[Tolba et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘Face Recognition: A Literature Review’. A S Tolba , A H El-Baz , A A El-Harby . \textit{International Journal of Signal Processing} 2006. 2 (2) . \bibitem[Wu and Zhou ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘Fuzzy discriminant analysis with kernel methods’. X-H Wu , J-J Zhou . \textit{Pattern Recognition} 2000. 39 (11) p. . \bibitem[Chellappa et al. (1995)]{b8}\label{b8} ‘Humain and machine recognition of faces: A survey’. R Chellappa , C L Wilson , C Sirohey . \textit{Proc. IEEE}, (IEEE) may 1995. 83 p. . \bibitem[Lu]{b9}\label{b9} \textit{Image Analysis for Face Recognition}, Xiaoguang Lu . p. 48824. Dept. of Computer Science \& Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI \bibitem[Li et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘Kernel class-wise locality preserving projection’. J-B Li , J-S Pan , S-C Chu . \textit{Information Science} 2008. 178 (7) p. . \bibitem[Ma et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Kernel clustering-based discriminant analysis’. B Ma , H-Y Qu , H-S Wong . \textit{Pattern Recognition} 2007. 40 (1) p. . \bibitem[Lu ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘Kernel optimization-based discriminant analysis for face recognition’. Jun-Bao Liae Jeng-Shyang Panae Zhe-Ming Lu . \textit{Neural Computing \& Application}, 2009. 18 p. . \bibitem[Yang et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘Senior Membe and Narendra Ahuja’. Ming-Hsuan Yang , David J Memb , Kriegman . \textit{Survey} January2002. 24 (1) . (IEEE) \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}