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\title{Adoption of Cloud Computing Services for Sustainable Development of Commercial Banks in Uganda}
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             \author[1]{Rayz  Afrika}

             \affil[1]{  ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2017 Accepted: 1 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Commercial banks in Uganda have been realised to be continuously increasing in number of branches, sizes and operational activities in the last two decades. This increment has attracted high operational costs related to purchase and maintenance of IT infrastructure and even requiring larger spaces to accommodate them, which is always accompanied by poor data storage and management. Cloud computing is identified as the best and latest solution to curb the problems in commercial banks, if adopted. Cloud computing has the capacity to store and manage data on virtualized servers so that, applications, individuals and organizations around the world can have the ability to connect to data and computing resources anywhere and anytime which improves the reliability since the data and application are stored and backed up on a number of computers which reduces the chance of data and application loss. This paper aimed at studying the benefits of cloud computing to commercial institutions and how the services can be adopted by the institutions of Uganda so as to successfully overcome the continuous expanding challenges that are always reported. A proposed system for cloud computing deployment to serve commercial banks has been developed together with recommendations for cloud computing adoption and effective utilization and management. The relevant conclusions for the paper have also been drawn.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{cloud computing, commercial institutions, sustainable development.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I.}]{I.}\par
Background loud computing the technology that is drastically shaking the waters of change in the information technology environment(E. \hyperref[b3]{Mashandudze, 2015)}, provides services that are extensively renowned as the next generation's computing infrastructure. Its services permit systems users to use infrastructure services for example servers, networks, and storage platforms as well as middleware services, operating systems and software application programs provided by cloud service providers like Google and Amazon at a Low cost.\par
The rapid growth of cloud computing has become a dominant remarkable in the development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) as well as commerce and industry fields. Supplementary, with the C introduction of internet/online baking, Cloud Computing has enabled financial users to elastically utilize resources in an on-demand fashion.\par
Currently, cloud computing technology has brought the idea of storing and managing data on virtualized servers so that, applications, individuals and organizations around the world can have the ability to connect to data and computing resources anywhere and anytime (Meskerem \hyperref[b10]{Alemu et al, 2014)}. This idea of storing data or running applications on clouds has been proved effective in improving the reliability since the data and application are stored and backed up on a number of computers which reduces the chance of data and application loss.\par
Cloud computing offers a number of benefits which include but not limited to time and cost saving, flexibility, reduction in loss of information, technological innovation, provision of a real competitive advantage and improved business performance(Fatuma Namisango et al, 2014).\par
The most important benefit with cloud computing in commercial sector its ability to offer cost effective services where clients/ customers are only charged for services they use, thus they are saved from other costs like IT infrastructure maintenance and occupation among others. Cloud service vendors are utilizing the concept of "Utility Computing". This means, just like the principle of electricity where one pays for the resources actually used (Radhakrishnan, Zu, \& Grover, cited by Rashid James Mungai, 2012).\par
In Uganda, adoption of cloud computing is still at very low stages with few institutions trying to adopt it and most of institutions do not even have an idea about its benefits. NITA-U, report 2012 explained that the central government institutions appear to be cautious in their adoption of cloud computing-based services due to the lack of clarity around security implications and measures. The report provided percentage of central government institutions that are currently using cloud computing based services as indicated below; However, the failure of Uganda to give first priority to ICT strategies of extending ICT infrastructure and services to Commercial Institutions have continued to push the country`s economic development most especially banking sector to undesirable state and hence failure to sufficiently satisfy its clients.\par
Introduction of enhanced systems that provide improved quality of banking services can significantly improve the sustainability, productivity and profitability of commercial institutions in Uganda. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to study the benefits of cloud computing to commercial institutions and how the services can be adopted by the institutions of Uganda so as to successfully overcome the continuous expanding challenges that are always reported with her banking institutions.Using Cloud Computing, banks are able to reach their customers in new interactive ways as well as innovate in a faster more efficient way (rashid James mungai, 2012). 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Cloud Computing}]{Cloud Computing}\par
Cloud computing as a model is designed to give businesses convenience and technological capacitation with ease and agility (E. \hyperref[b3]{Mashandudze, 2015)}. It is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer and the rise of application program interfaces  {\ref [APIs]}. (Nathan \hyperref[b4]{Were, 2016)}.\par
Cloud computing facilitates the ability to handle an increased volume of work without impacting on the performance of the system and also offers significant computing capability and economy of scale that might not otherwise be affordable to businesses, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the financial and human resources to invest in IT infrastructure (E. \hyperref[b3]{Mashandudze, 2015)}.\par
Saman, Zarandioon, 2012, defined cloud computing as a computing model in which hardware, platform, infrastructure and software are defined and delivered as a service rather than a product. Saman further explained that cloud computing is emerging from recent advances in technologies such as hardware virtualization, Web services, distributed computing, utility computing and system automation. It is emerging as a new computing paradigm which relies on the existing Information Technology infrastructure and tools such as Internet, virtualization, grid computing, Web services, etc to provide an improved efficiency, minimum service cost, and convenience in the development of Higher Education and services delivery (Sunday A. Idowu, etal 2012).\par
Rashid James Mungai, 2012 cited Feuerlicht \& Govardhan, who sighted that three types of IT services which an organization can send into a cloud environment include Platform as a Service (PaaS), where users are offered application programming interfaces over the internet as opposed to creating fullyblown applications for example Google App Engine, Software as a Service (SaaS) where applications are delivered through a browser to thousands of customers using a multiuser architecture for example Internet Banking and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) which is the delivery of computer infrastructure as a service for example Amazon Web Service.\par
According to Anca Apostu et al, 2012, Banks are adopting cloud services with Saas (Software as a Service) being the most-widely deployed form, mainly in peripheral, non-core solution areas, such as collaboration, customer relationship management and human resources department, but exceptions do exist. Anca Apostu et al, 2012, further noted that cloud computing architecture is required to be implemented to enable the companies' activities more secured, flexible, and organized in a modern way. The performance of cloud computing architecture in linking up with variety of clients is illustrated in the figure below;\par
(i) Currently using cloud computing 6.6\%\par
(ii) Have approved policies for cloud computing 0.0\% (iii) Cloud computing under evalution 8.8\%\par
(iv) Not using cloud but considering 33.0\%   
\section[{Related Literature}]{Related Literature}\par
Traditional IT computing technology has typically been a costly hurdle for financial institutions, particularly those in emerging markets where developing customized solutions or investing in advanced banking platforms has either been unfeasible or the result has been too many failures, too many resources used and too much time wasted (Meskerem Alemu et al, 2014).\par
Meskerem Alemu et al, 2014) further explained that adoption of cloud by banks is at infant stage because of security issue as there is no clear standards and frameworks that guide banks in using cloud services. 
\section[{IV. Commercial Banks}]{IV. Commercial Banks}\par
Commercial banks are the largest source of financing for the countries' investments which are work under the authority of law to receive money from individuals, businesses and institutions and also lends out money to them.\par
Kent cited by Ahsan Khan, 2012 defined commercial bank as an organization whose principal operations are concerned with the accumulation of the temporarily idle money of the general public for the purpose of advancing to others for expenditure.\par
Commercial banks play a vital role in the economic resource allocation of countries where they channel funds from depositors to investors continuously (Ongore and Kusa, 2013). Commercial banks play a significant role in the economic growth of countries through efficient allocation of resources of countries by mobilizing resources for productive activities and transfer funds from those who don't have productive use of it to those with productive venture. \hyperref[b12]{(Ongore and Kusa, 2013)}.\par
Commercial banks provide deposit and credit facilities for personal and corporate customers, making credit and liquidity available in adverse market conditions, and providing access to the nation's payments systems \hyperref[b13]{(Charles b. murerwa, 2015)}. They are also the channels used to transmit effective monetary policy of the central bank of the economy thus considered to share the responsibility of stabilizing economy of their country \hyperref[b7]{(Siddiqui and Shoaib, 2011)}.\par
Uganda Commercial Bank was initially privatized through a sale of its majority shares to a purported company from Malaysia which became Stanbic bank Uganda after merging with Stanbic bank in early 2000s and later became commercial bank of Uganda in 2008. In 2009, total commercial bank assets in Uganda were estimated at UGX:8.73 trillion (Khisa, Isaac2011) In 2010, there were 22 licensed commercial banks in Uganda, with nearly 400 bank branches and almost 600 automated teller machines. By 2011, the number of commercial banks had increased to 23 with over 400 branches and in 2012, the total number of commercial bank branches in the country reached 500 (Sanya 2012).\par
Uganda advanced the operational status of her commercial banks by adopting computer technology that result into electronic banking method. This method has done a lot to improve the performance of commercial sector in Uganda with a major one being improved internal bank operations, relationships with customers and inter-bank interactions (Nsambu Kijjambu Frederick, 2014) which eventually added a great value to the services rendered by these banks to the clients at the same time attracting larger market which is definitely accompanied by increment in profits generation though the commercial banks incur a lot of expenses to achieve it.\par
However to achieve higher economic growth, a more advanced banking technology which can ensure effective service delivery with limited expenditure costs can have far-reaching supplement to the economic development of Uganda.\par
V. 
\section[{Sustainable Development in Commercial Banks}]{Sustainable Development in Commercial Banks}\par
Sustainable development is defined as a process of ensuring stability in utilisation of both natural and artificial resources to benefit the present needs of humankind without compromising the benefit of future generation. Sustainable development in commercial banks is the best achievement every economy would require if it is to have steady progress in development.\par
Sustainable development in commercial banks is when their financial capacity and operational reach certain efficiency to be able to survive, endure and resist the adverse impact of the external environment(Nguyen Thanh Phuong, 2016).\par
According to Nguyen, sustainable bank is a value system that the activities of commercial banks not only bring profits to employees and shareholders of the bank but also bring benefits to customers.\par
Commercial banks in Uganda have realized continuous increment and progress within the last two decades where some micro banks realized financial increase and upgraded to commercial banks. In 2013 Uganda Finance Trust upgraded to a commercial bank and changed its name to Finance Trust Bank (bank of Uganda, 2013). The strategy for Financial Literacy in Uganda, 2013, had it that by the end of 2012, there were 500 branches of commercial banks in Uganda, with most of them being situated in urban centers.\par
From the World Bank annual supervision report 2013, Commercial banks remained well capitalised with the ratio of core capital to risk-weighted assets increasing from 18.8 percent in 2012 to 19.9 percent in 2013, well above the regulatory minimum of 8 percent. The report also highlighted that the main challenge for banks during 2013 arose from credit risk with the ratio of nonperforming loans to total gross loans rising from 4.2 percent in December 2012 to 5.6 percent in December 2013, which affected bank profitability and declined to Ushs.414 billion in 2013 from Ushs.544.8 billion in 2012, reflecting the increase in provisions for nonperforming loans.\par
The commercial banks' weighted average lending rate stood at 22.6 percent for shilling loans and 9.9 percent for foreign currency loans at the end of December 2013 compared to 24.8 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively in the previous year( bank of Uganda, 2013), as illustrated in the figure below. Cloud computing represents a big change in the way computing is done in corporations as it encompasses all the optimizations that a company needs in order to succeed nowadays(Anca Apostu et al, 2012).It is increasingly seen as a reliable, and costeffective, opportunity and solution for banks (Pinsent Masons LLP 2016). The following are benefits offered by cloud computing;\par
Cloud Computing can offer banks a number of benefits for example turning a large up front capital expenditure to a smaller on-going operational cost (Sriram, cited by Rashid James Mungai, 2012).\par
With the eruption of mobile applications together with support of Cloud computing-based that are providing a variety of financial services to customers through mobile user's platform and these mobile cloudbased banking, the services have been put closer to the people through mobile money, e-payments amongst others.\par
Cloud computing principally facilitates the conversion of Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) to Operating Expenditure (OPEX) as resources are rented rather than bought, thereby reducing the corporate opportunity cost of investment decision in IT (KPMG, cited by Rashid James Mungai, 2012). Also the with cloud computing convenient working environment is guaranteed since less IT infrastructure is required hence no congestion in commercial work places.\par
Pinsent Masons LLP 2016 explained key drivers for adoption of cloud computing by banks as given below; Agile innovation: This explainsa bank's ability to innovate by enhancing agility, efficiency, and productivity by   
\section[{Challenges Affecting Cloud Computing Adoption/Utilisation}]{Challenges Affecting Cloud Computing Adoption/Utilisation}\par
It is very well known that cloud banking and implementation is very complex with very many pitfalls to trick the unwary and its being a new technology that has just come, many banking sectors are avoiding the adoption fearing risks. These restrictions are attached to limited resources for example financial insufficiency, process Servers, very low memory savers, storage and bandwidth.\par
According to Rashid James Mungai, 2012, Cloud Computing has risks that banks are aware of that were categorized into security and policies and procedures that need to be addressed before banks are able to adopt Cloud Computing technology. Lack of approved policies for cloud computing has contributed a lot to limit the interests of many countries and organizations to advance to cloud computing in fear of insecurity reasons.\par
Pinsent Masons LLP 2016 listed seven that limit the adoption rate of cloud computing by commercial banks as given below;   
\section[{Recommendations}]{Recommendations}\par
For commercial institutions in Uganda, advancing to a cloud-based banks model application would be a clear pathway to cost efficiency and effectiveness in this sector. Therefore, Commercial institutions should adopt a methodical and sustainable developmental process of cloud-based services so as to achieve a functional and their targeted goal-oriented banking financial service delivery in the country.\par
The government of Uganda should consider development and implementation of policies to protect the operations of cloud computing so as to provide more encourage to commercial sector to adopt to cloud computing technology. The country should also support implementation of harmonized international framework that utters more light on how to adopt and manage cloud computing in most effective manner. More light on cloud computing utilisation and management should be given the first priority to answer challenges on how to meet needed requirements for adoption and sustainability of the systems without incurring losses. Commercial banks must consider deployment of professional experts to continuously monitor the performance of cloud servers and provide any solutions where necessary.\par
The government of Uganda should also encourage all institutions most especially those handling large data to integrate their operations with cloud computing systems to make more familiar with citizens and institutions hence improving the adoption level. The government should seek support from NGO, donors and other partners to facilitate the introduction of cloud computing as well as putting it to standardized operational level in the country.\par
All relevant information regarding operations of cloud computing in commercial banks including its benefits and challenges should be made clear to all stakeholders, clients and even interested public. This will improve institutions'/ societies' response to the system hence advancing to a more excellent regulatory framework for commercial bank' sustainable development X. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
Cloud Computing being a more advanced computing technology, it ranks the newest technology that is in best position to solve the recurring challenges reported in commercial banks most especially those related to high expenditure costs on IT infrastructure, information insecurity, flexibility and space issues among other. Thus other expenses in line with infrastructure maintenance are considered a covered chapter in situations where cloud computing is put in use.\par
Cloud computing are considered the most reliable tactic that can be employed to organize and operate computerized activity in most cost effective manner since it is capable of handling all forms of commercial banking activities in a shortest period of time.\par
It is unfortunate that most of developing countries including Uganda have not yet realized the benefits provided by cloud computing systems and they have not yet adopted to it. Uganda has tried to adopt utilization of cloud computing in small and medium enterprises but the percentage of institutions currently using it is still very low, with the biggest percentage having no plans of adopting and using cloud computing. This range in percentage utilization is highly supported by lack of policies in place to govern the operations of cloud computing systems in the country.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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