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\title{ESL University Students' Attitudes towards using Whatsapp in Academic Writing}
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             \author[1]{Joel M.  Magogwe}

             \author[2]{Olumide  Jaiyeoba}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2018 Accepted: 4 January 2019 Published: 15 January 2019}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This study examined the relationship between behavioural intention and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) variables: Perceived usefulness, ease of use and attitudes towards WhatsApp tool in teaching and learning academic writing skills in Botswana. This study accurately hypothesized a positive and significant relationship between behavioural intention to use WhatsApp in academic writing and dimensions of usefulness, and extent of use of WhatsApp. However, there was no significant relationship between ease of use and behavioural intention (0.436); and perceived web based privacy (0.878). 120 questionnaires were distributed with a response rate of 85%. 70 questionnaires were administered at the University of Botswana and 50 at Botho University also in Botswana. The questionnaire consisted of a 5-Point Likert Scale. The data were subjected to validity and reliability in order to explicate the psychometric competence of the scale items in the Botswana context. Correlation and regression analysis established the association and relationship of the hypothesized sub-constructs in this study. Simple random probability sampling technique was adopted in this empirical study. Scale items were adapted from Davis?s (1989) TAM model. The findings thus provide a strategic platform for understanding learners in Synchronous and Asynchronous discussion in Digital Learning mode of the 21st Century.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{whatsapp efficacy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude and behavioural intentions and Botswana.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
orldwide usage of the Internet is playing a crucial role in social networking, planning and decision making. For instance, the WhatsApp application in the Internet has been on the market since 2010 and has been used to send text messages, attach images, audio and visual files and web addresses. According to  {\ref Bouhnik and Deshen (2014: 1)}, "Over the last two years, the application has become very popular, gaining over 350 million Materials published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print . . . ". WhatsApp enables communication with anyone who possesses a Smartphone, has an active internet connection, and has installed the application. Educationists have found it necessary to employ WhatsApp in learning and teaching. Research shows that students can follow their activities off campus using WhatsApp, SMS, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Blogs \hyperref[b4]{(Dashti \& Aldashti, 2015;}\hyperref[b5]{Evans, 2014)}. The WhatsApp application in particular Author ? : e-mail: magogwej@mopipi.ub.bw can be ideal for students because its cost is low and that enables students and teachers to communicate, chat, share ideas and send audio and video messages as frequently as they wish and at any time of the day.\par
Despite communication and networking opportunities provided by the WhatsApp tool, sometimes students do not find cell phones effective in learning although they enjoy using them \hyperref[b2]{(Anastasia, 2013)}. Some of the students do not have a Smartphone for reasons known to them. We therefore found it necessary to understand and track Botswana university students' online use, perceptions and behaviours in terms of the efficacy of WhatsApp technology in improving academic writing. This study is justified because, according to  {\ref Dashti \& Aldashti (2015:15)}, there is a "growing complaint about the negligence of utilising social media technology by language teachers". They further point out that college students' needs regarding the use of mobile teaching aids have hardly been sought from the students' point of view.\par
Furthermore, there is acute paucity of studies investigating nomological web between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived web based privacy, extent of WhatsApp use, attitude and behavioural intentions among University students in Botswana. To understand the relationship between these constructs and academic writing skills, The Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) was used. According \hyperref[b16]{Venkatesh and Davis (1996)}, the TAM is widely used by researchers and practitioners to understand and explain users' acceptance of information technologies based on the function of behavioural intention metrics. \hyperref[b14]{Lee et al (2012)} thus posit that the TAM is the most influential model of explicating adoption behavior of information technology and information system. Based on the aforementioned, this study resonates with knowledge based drive of Botswana's economy as it seeks to diversify from mineral led economy and empower Batswana youth that constitute over 60\% of the Botswana Population. Furthermore, this study sought to contribute to extant literature by providing insights regarding the adoption or efficacy of WhatsApp technology in improving academic writing skills of University students in Botswana. \hyperref[b11]{Iyanda and Ojo (2008)} further noted that the Botswana government has recognized the critical role of information technology as an enabler in the quest to realize its socio-economic objectives and translate its vision into reality. \hyperref[b11]{Iyanda and Ojo (2008)} further contended that the growth of ICT usage occurred in spite of technical difficulties such as lack of skilled workers and inadequate physical structure. This study thus sought to unravel the extent of efficacy of WhatsApp technology in improving academic writing skills among Batswana students. This study is expected to provide an impetus as to the extent to which students are empowered for educational advancement. Consequently, the objectives of this study are as follows:\par
1. To analyze the extent of WhatsApp use in improving academic writing skills on behavioural intentions of University students in Botswana. 2. Assess the impact of Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived web privacy and Attitude on behavioural intentions among Batswana Youth. 
\section[{II. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development a) Academic Writing}]{II. Literature Review and Hypotheses Development a) Academic Writing}\par
The role of WhatsApp in advancing academic writing at university level is examined in this study. This study defines academic writing as writing found in essays (the focus of this study), research papers, and conference papers. According to Merryweather, Norton, and Foxcroft, 2014), academic writing is "conceptualised as more than simple use of literacy skills such as grammar, punctuation and spelling". According to \hyperref[b10]{Itua et al. (2014)}, in academic writing students are expected to write clear transitions between ideas and arguments, with careful referencing of works from which the ideas were borrowed. Furthermore, there should be logical organization of ideas and recognition of counter-arguments. However, scholars indicate that many second language students find it challenging to write their thoughts and ideas \hyperref[b9]{(Gholaminejad et al. 2013;}\hyperref[b1]{Abu-Rass, 2001)}. According to \hyperref[b9]{Gholaminejad et al. (2013)}, both native and non-native speakers of English find it challenging to harmonise the content, organization, purpose, audience, vocabulary, punctuation, spelling and mechanics as they write their thoughts and ideas.\par
With a view to the writing challenges enunciated above, and to the contribution of technology in language learning, this study first sought to establish the relationship between behavioural intentions of the Botswana university students and perceived usefulness and ease of use of the WhatsApp application in academic writing. These dimensions are measured as fundamental parts of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM). This model was introduced by Davis (1989) to determine individuals' intentions to utilize a variety of technologies such as electronic mail (e-mail), word processing and graphics software. According to Kucukusta, Law, Besbes, and Legohérel, (2015:186), "The TAM model is widely used by researchers and practitioners to understand and explain user acceptance of information technologies based on the function of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use". Davis (1989:320) defines perceived usefulness as "The degree to which a person believes that use of a particular system would enhance his or her job performance. On the other hand, perceived ease of use is defined by Davies (1989:320) as "The degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would free of effort".\par
This study therefore hypothesized first that the WhatsApp application could be positively and significantly related to the students' intention to use it to improve their academic writing skills; hence: H1: Perceived usefulness is significantly and positively related to behavioural intention of University students in Botswana's intention to use WhatsApp in academic writing.\par
The second hypothesis of this study is that: H2: Perceived Ease of use is significantly and positively related to behavioural intention of University students in Botswana.\par
As already indicated, most students enjoy using WhatsApp. For instance, in a September 2013 study by Robinson, Behi, Corcoran, Cowley, Cullinane, Martin, \& Tomkinson, (2015), a group of 11 first-year undergraduate diagnostic radiotherapy students perceived WhatsApp as a useful method of keeping in touch and decided to form a new WhatsApp group. A more thorough study was later on done to confirm these findings. 
\section[{c) Perceived risk}]{c) Perceived risk}\par
Many studies have tested the influence of perceived risk on various innovation adoptions such as internet shopping \hyperref[b7]{(Forsythe \& Shi, 2003}). E-services (Featherman\& Pavlov, 2003) and electronic business \hyperref[b13]{(Kim et al, 2008)}. We thus hypothesize that: 
\section[{d) Attitudes}]{d) Attitudes}\par
The perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use dimensions of the TAM model have also been found to jointly influence the attitude towards the intended action which in this case is the use of WhatsApp in academic writing. This study thus hypothesized that: 
\section[{H3: Attitude is significantly and positively related to behavioural intention of University students in Botswana.}]{H3: Attitude is significantly and positively related to behavioural intention of University students in Botswana.}\par
It was important to study attitudes towards writing in order to establish their role in the writing proficiency of the university students in Botswana. \hyperref[b17]{Weeks (2016)} lamented that Botswana graduates are weak in language, social skills numeracy and attitudes. According to \hyperref[b9]{Gholaminejad et al. (2013)}, one of the outstanding factors influencing the students' writing achievement is attitudes to writing. According to Jabeen \& Kazim Shah (2011), attitudes determine the way we view the world and respond to different entities in the world (cited in \hyperref[b9]{Gholaminejad et al. (2013)}. The term 'attitude' was first defined by Gardner and Lambert as early as 1932 as "an inference which is made on the basis of a complex set of beliefs about the attitude object" (cited in  {\ref Gardner, 1980:267)}. Gardner further defines 'attitude' as "individual feelings, prejudice, preconceived ideas, fears, and convictions about a specified topic" \hyperref[b9]{(Gholaminejad et al. 2013} {\ref (Gholaminejad et al. :1139))}. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
This study is descriptive and quantitative in nature. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed with a response rate of 85\%. 70 questionnaires were administered at the University of Botswana and 50 at Botho University also in Botswana. The questionnaire consisted of a 5-Point Likert Scale. Using SPSS, the scale items were subjected to validity and reliability in order to explicate the psychometric competence of the scale items in the Botswana context. Data analysis was conducted using correlation and regression analysis in order to establish the association and relationship of the hypothesized sub-constructs in this study. Simple random probability sampling technique was adopted in this empirical study. Scale items were adapted from Davis (1989) TAM model. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} 
\section[{a) Demographic Information}]{a) Demographic Information}\par
Section A of the questionnaire measured demographic information of the students. Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} below shows that of the sampled respondents, 83\% of the respondents fall in the category of 20 to 25 age bracket. 17\% of the respondents fall in the 26 to 30 years bracket. With respect to gender, 50\% of the respondents are male, while 50\% of the sampled respondents are female. Furthermore, with respect to years of using WhatsApp, over 66\% of the respondents as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} have used WhatsApp for less than 5 years while 33\% stated that they have used it for over 5 years.  
\section[{b) Extent of Use of WhatsApp Learning in General}]{b) Extent of Use of WhatsApp Learning in General}\par
As indicated in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}, 33\% of the respondents stated that they considered WhatsApp an important tool for learning while over 50\% stated that they did not consider WhatsApp as an important tool for learning as regards the extent of WhatsApp Use in Botswana.  
\section[{c) Attitudes towards using WhatsApp}]{c) Attitudes towards using WhatsApp}\par
With respect to the psychometric nomenclature of the attitude to WhatsApp use among University students, the Cronbach Alpha is 0.698. Mean values of the scale items range from 3.17-4.00. The factor structure (Validity) using varimax rotation range form 0.567-0.786. Average variance Extraction (AVE) is 78.159 indicating the robustness of the factor structure. Kaiser Meyer Olkin Measure (KMO) of sampling adequacy is 0.541. The robustness of the factor structure in terms of validity is also elucidated here. 
\section[{d) Perceived Usefulness}]{d) Perceived Usefulness}\par
For Perceived usefulness, the Cronbach alpha is 0.965, mean values range from 3.33 to 3.67, factor structure (Validity) range from 0.673-0.721 and KMO is 0.652 and AVE is 54.67. The robustness of the factor structure is also explicated here in terms of validity and reliability. 
\section[{e) Perceived Usefulness}]{e) Perceived Usefulness}\par
For Perceived Ease of Use, Cronbach Alpha, mean values, Factor structure (Validity), KMO and AVE are 0.678, 2.87-3.78, 0.725-0.823, 0.736 and 63.17 respectively. The robustness of the factor structure is also explicated here in terms of validity and reliability. 
\section[{f) Perceived Privacy}]{f) Perceived Privacy}\par
For perceived web based privacy, Cronbach Alpha, mean values, factor structure (validity), KMO and AVE are 0.765, 3.23-3.64, 0.711-0.834, 0.821 and 67.23 respectively. For Attitude, mean values range from 3.16-4.00, Cronbach alpha is 0.944, factor structure range form 0.674-0.723, KMO and AVE are 0.652 and 56.23 respectively. The robustness of the factor structure is also explicated here in terms of validity and reliability. 
\section[{g) Behavioural Intention}]{g) Behavioural Intention}\par
For Behavioural intention, Mean values range from 0.278-0.345, Cronbach Alpha is 0.764, factor structure range form 0.73-0.945 and KMO and AVE are 0.78 and 67.2 respectively. The robustness of the factor structure is also explicated here in terms of validity and reliability.\par
Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5} shows the extent of Whatsapp use, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived wen-based privacy and attitude are significantly associated with behavioural intention in this empirical study. The results in Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5} show that there is a positive and significant relationship (r=0.291, p<0.01) between extent of use and behavioural intentions of WhatsApp in academic writing by University students in Botswana; positive relationship (0.535, p<0.01) between perceived usefulness and behavioural intentions. Perceived web based privacy and behavioural intention (r=0.312, p<0.01); and attitudes and behavioural intention (r= 0.629,p<0.01). The perceived Ease of Use and behavioural intention are not significantly and positively associated (r=0.078, p<0.01). These findings indicate that perceive usefulness, attitude, perceived web based privacy are significantly associated with behaviourla intentions, while perceived ease of use is not significantly associated with behavioural intention as regards WhatsApp use in Botswana. \hyperref[b17]{Weeks (2016)} thus lamented that Botswana graduates are weak in language, social skills numeracy and attitudes. Based on the aforementioned, \hyperref[b9]{Gholaminejad et al. (2013)} concluded that one of the outstanding factors influencing the students' writing achievement is attitudes to writing.\par
Table  {\ref 6}, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived web based privacy, attitude account for 96.7\% variation in the behavioural intention. The Durbin Watson value of 2.194 also corroborates this assertion.   {\ref 7}, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived web based privacy, and attitude are significantly and positively related to behavioural intention. Kucukusta, Law, Besbes, and Legohérel, (2015:186), concluded that TAM model is widely used by researchers and practitioners to understand and explain user acceptance of information technologies based on the function of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use". Davis (1989:320) further noted that perceived usefulness is the degree to which a person believes that use of a particular system would enhance his or her job performance. Hypotheses H1, H2, H3 and H4 are therefore supported in this empirical study in Botswana.\par
V. 
\section[{Limitations}]{Limitations}\par
It is not advisable to generalize the findings of this study given the small size of the sample. However, the findings provide an insight in the use of WhatsApp in education. Furthermore, perceptions may differ according to situations and contexts. Therefore, the findings of this study are applicable only to the context of the questionnaire which specifically talked about academic writing of essays. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Implications and Conclusions}]{Implications and Conclusions}\par
The theoretical contribution of this study is its support of previous findings (Kucukusta, Law, Besbes, and Legohérel, 2015) that the TAM as a useful model for measuring the influence of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived web based privacy and attitude on behavioural intention.\par
The study thus indicates that the WhatsApp platform could be utilized in addition to other social platforms to engage learners in the Educational industry in line with the aspiration for knowledge based economy in Botswana. Based on the aforementioned, the teaching of academic writing skills should be supported by the use of technology.\par
The WhatsApp tool can be a very convenient platform for answering questions and discussing academic writing skills by the students and their writing lecturers anywhere and at any time of the day. As indicated earlier, it can be used to discuss topics such as how to write a thesis statement of an argumentative essay. WhatsApp is cheap and can be conveniently found in Smartphones. The implication is that lecturers should create awareness of the importance of WhatsApp and its benefits in teaching writing skills and other topics.\par
This study highlights the usefulness of WhatsApp in education, in teaching writing skills and in establishing rapport with the students. However, further research is recommended in examining perceptions between behavioral intention and use of other online platforms.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.24046052631578946\textwidth}P{0.30756578947368424\textwidth}P{0.1174342105263158\textwidth}P{0.18453947368421053\textwidth}}
Item\tabcellsep Category\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Valid Percent\\
Age\tabcellsep 20-25\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 83.3\\
\tabcellsep 26-30\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16.7\\
Gender\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 50\\
\tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 50\\
Number of years using WhatsApp\tabcellsep Less than 5 years\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 66.7\\
\tabcellsep 5-10 years\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 33.3\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4407407407407407\textwidth}P{0.14953703703703702\textwidth}P{0.25972222222222224\textwidth}}
Scale\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Valid Percent\\
Strongly Agree\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16.7\\
Agree\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16.7\\
Neutral\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16.7\\
Disagree\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 33.3\\
Strongly Disagree\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 16.7\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10171696149843913\textwidth}P{0.18662851196670135\textwidth}P{0.08225806451612903\textwidth}P{0.15036420395421435\textwidth}P{0.08491155046826222\textwidth}P{0.07960457856399583\textwidth}P{0.09021852237252861\textwidth}P{0.07429760665972945\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Correlations\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Behavioural Intention\tabcellsep Extent of WhatsApp use\tabcellsep Perceived usefulness\tabcellsep Perceived ease of use\tabcellsep Perceived web-based privacy\tabcellsep Attitudes\\
Behavioural\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .291 **\tabcellsep .535 **\tabcellsep .078\tabcellsep .312 **\tabcellsep .629 **\\
Intention\tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .003\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .436\tabcellsep .001\tabcellsep .000\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
Extent of\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .291 **\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .896 **\tabcellsep .570 **\tabcellsep -.630 **\tabcellsep .812 **\\
WhatsApp use\tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .003\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
Perceived\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .535 **\tabcellsep .896 **\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .637 **\tabcellsep -.300 **\tabcellsep .841 **\\
usefulness\tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .002\tabcellsep .000\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
Perceived ease of\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .078\tabcellsep .570 **\tabcellsep .637 **\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep .015\tabcellsep .526 **\\
use\tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .436\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .878\tabcellsep .000\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
Perceived web\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .312 **\tabcellsep -.630 **\tabcellsep -.300 **\tabcellsep .015\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep -.338 **\\
based privacy\tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .001\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .002\tabcellsep .878\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .001\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
Attitudes\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .629 ** .000\tabcellsep .812 ** .000\tabcellsep .841 ** .000\tabcellsep .526 ** .000\tabcellsep -.338 ** .001\tabcellsep 1\\
\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 102\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Model Summary b\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Coefficients a\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
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