\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Modeling and Simulation of Genome Evolution Using Linear Boolean Functions Associated with One Dimensional Cellular Automata},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2020-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2020)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2020-01-15}
\title{Modeling and Simulation of Genome Evolution Using Linear Boolean Functions Associated with One Dimensional Cellular Automata}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Prashanthi  Govindarajan}

             \author[2]{Sathya  Govindarajan}

             \author[3]{Ethirajan  Govindarajan}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2019 Accepted: 2 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Structural and functional behavior of genomes could be studied using one dimensional binaryvalued three neighborhood cellular automata updating rules. These updating rules are linear Boolean functions, and they are applied to the adjoint sequences of adenine, (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) corresponding to the characteristic sequence of a genome. This paper proposes the use of linear Boolean functions, and demonstrates the textural or fractal behavior of genome evolution in terms of nucleotide adjoints.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{linear boolean functions, cellular automata, genome evolution.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Modeling and Simulation of Genome Evolution Using Linear Boolean Functions Associated with}]{Modeling and Simulation of Genome Evolution Using Linear Boolean Functions Associated with}\par
One Dimensional Cellular Automata Prashanthi Govindarajan ? , Sathya Govindarajan ? \& Ethirajan Govindarajan ? I. Introduction To be precise, Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1} shows three levels of nucleotides. One can generate 64 strands of length 3. As the length increases, the number of strands he four nucleotides A, T, G, and C get connected by phosphodiester bonds to form strands. Strand formation depends on innumerable factors related to inter and intra cellular parameters and functions. One cannot precisely say that a particular strand gets formed using such and such rules. The infinite possibilities of strand formation cannot be determined experimentally or in the framework of classical genetics. One can alternatively formulate a notion of "Language of Genomes" wherein one can finitely specify infinite strands, Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1} shows a finitely generated quaternary tree structure of strand formation of nucleic acids. T increases as per the formula 4n, where n is the length of the strand. Strands of length three are called triplet codons or 3-tuple codons. Similarly, one can think of ntuple codons where n is any number.\par
A genome sequence is a chain of four nucleotides A, T, G and C. The numerical representation of a genome sequence is a sequence of four numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Linear prediction of a strand could be carried out using linear prediction algorithms from a sub sequence of length 8. Alternatively, one can evolve generations of genome sequences from a given fulllength genome sequence using one-dimensional cellular automata rules. Section 2 describes the notions of adjoints of nucleotides corresponding to a genome sequence. Section 3 describes the notions of cellular automata and linear Boolean functions. Section 4 provides the results of applying linear Boolean functions on adjoint strings of nucleotides. Section 5 demonstrates the results of combining evolution patterns of adjoint sequences dyadically. Section 6 presents various observations made from the study and proposes future perspectives of cellular automatabased genome analytics.\par
Adjoint of a particular nucleotide in a genome sequence is the binary sequence obtained by substituting the particular nucleotides in the genome sequence by 1's and the others by 0's. For example, let us consider a sample sequence G,  {\ref A, A, T, G, A, T, T, A,  C, C, A, A, G, G}, C of length 16. Now the adjoint of adenine (A) is the binary string A(n) = 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0. The adjoint of thymine (T) is the binary string T(n) = 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0. The adjoint of guanine (G) is the binary string G(n) = 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0. The adjoint of cytocine (C) is binary string C(n) = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1. The first segment of 40 nucleotides of a genome sequence of Brucella Suis 1330 is considered here for a case study. The actual length of the genome sequence of Brucella Suis 1330 is 5806. The sample sequence is given below. A(n) = 0110010010011000011000011000000000000000 T(n) = 0001001100000000000001000001010011001100 G(n) = 1000100000000110000100000100000000000011 C(n) = 0000000001100001100010100010101100110000\par
A cellular automaton is an idealized parallel processing system consisting of an array of numbers (1-D, 2-D and more) realized using updating rules based on certain neighborhood. For example, a onedimensional cellular automaton would consist of a finite length array as shown below. 
\section[{III. Cellular Automata and Linear Boolean Functions}]{III. Cellular Automata and Linear Boolean Functions}\par
A cellular automaton is an idealized parallel processing system consisting of an array of numbers (1-D, 2-D and more) realized using updating rules based on certain neighborhood. For example, a one dimensional cellular automaton would consist of a finite length array as shown below.\par
--- --- --- i-1 i i+1 --- --- ---\par
Consider an ith cell in the array. This cell has a neighbor i-1 on its left and another i+1 on its right. All three put together is called a three-neighborhood. One can assign a site (cell) variable ?i-1, ?i, and ?i+1 to the three-neighborhood cells. At a particular instant of time, these variables take on numerical values, say either a 0 or a 1. In such a case, the variables are denoted as ?ti-1, ?ti, and ?ti+1. The value of the ith cell at the next instant of time is evaluated using an updating rule that involves the present values of the ith, (i-1)th and (i+1)th cells. This updating rule is essentially a linear Boolean function of three variables. One can construct 256 linear Boolean functions as updating rules of one-dimensional threeneighborhood binary-valued cellular automata. Each rule defines an automaton by itself. So, one-dimensional binary-valued three-neighborhood cellular automata (123CA) rules could be used to model adjoints of a genome sequence. The first thirty linear Boolean functions of cellular automata 123CA are listed below with their decimal equivalents. 
\section[{Linear Boolean Function}]{Linear Boolean Function}\par
Decimal Equivalent 0 0(?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) 1 (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ??+1 ) 2 (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ) 3 (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) 4 (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ??+1 ) 5 (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ? ??+1 )+(?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ??+1 ) 6 (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ) 7 (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ??+1 ) 8 (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ??+1 ) 9 (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 )\textbf{10}(?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ???1 ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ??+1 ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ? ?? ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ?? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) (?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) (?? ???1 ?? ? ?? ?? ? ??+1 ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ?? ) + (?? ? ???1 ?? ??+1 )\par
IV. Cellular Automata Evolutions of Genome Adjoints\par
The genome sequence of Brucella Suis 1330 is considered here for a case study. Due to space limitations, a part of the genome sequence and its adjoints are shown below. As defined already, adjoint of genome sequence concerning a particular nucleotide is the binary string obtained by marking a '1' in the place of that particular nucleotide and by marking a '0' in the places of other nucleotides. A segment consisting of 60 nucleotides of Brucella Suis 1330 is shown below.\par
The adjoints of the genome sequence segment are given below.\par
Adjoint A(n)Adjoint T(n) Adjoint G(n) Adjoint C(n)\par
Cellular automata evolutions of adjoints of a genome are carried out using 256 rules of 123CA. As an example, rule number 137 of 123CA, that is, (? ? ???1 ? ? ?? ? ? ??+1 ) + (? ?? ? ??+1 ) is applied to adjoints of Brucella Suis 1330 genome and results shown below in Fig.  {\ref 2}.Evolution of A(n) Evolution of T(n) Evolution of G(n) Evolution of C(n)\par
Fig.  {\ref 2}: Evolution of adjoints using rule 137 of 123CA\par
The size of the images shown in Fig.  {\ref 2} is 500x500, though the actual size is 5806x500. The first 500 columns of the actual images are clipped and presented here for visual clarity. From Fig.  {\ref 2}, it is clear that the evolution pattern of each adjoint is different. One can observe that there are certain fractal patterns in the evolutions and such fractals are distributed in the images very differently. For instance, the zoomed in versions of the evolution patterns of A(n), T(n), G(n) and C(n) using rule 137 are shown in Figs.  {\ref 3, 4}, 5 and 6 respectively.   
\section[{VI. Observations and Conclusions}]{VI. Observations and Conclusions}\par
From the above empirical study, it is observed that cellular automata modeling and simulation of evolutions of adjoints of a given genome sequence and the inter-pattern operations and relations exhibit distinct patterns of fractals and fractal distributions. The novel technique and results presented in this paper are outcome of prolonged research carried out in the mathematical modeling of genomes and their evolutions. It is evident that one can as well look into the possibilities of genome editing using such cellular automata tools.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{34567}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :Fig. 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8910}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 8 :Fig. 9 :Fig. 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{figure6}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2020 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par
The authors express their profound gratitude to the management of Pentagram Research Centre Private Limited, Hyderabad for their boundless support in carrying out research in their premises. The authors further put on record the invaluable guidance of Prof. Dr E G Rajan, President of Pentagram Research and data scientists Mr. Rahul Sharma, Mr. Srikanth Maddikunta and Mr. Shubham Karande. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Ponting]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{},  		 			C P Ponting 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Elgar and Vavouri]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		\textit{},  		 			G Elgar 		,  		 			T Vavouri 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Gregory and Hebert]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		\textit{},  		 			T R Gregory 		,  		 			P D Hebert 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Li et al.]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		\textit{},  		 			M Li 		,  		 			C Marin-Muller 		,  		 			U Bharadwaj 		,  		 			K H Chow 		,  		 			Q Yao 		,  		 			C; Chen 		,  		 			; Marin-Muller 		,  		 			; Bharadwaj 		,  		 			; Chow 		,  		 			Yao 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Nielsen and Johansen]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		\textit{},  		 			H Nielsen 		,  		 			S D Johansen 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[ Genome Res]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		\textit{},  		 17568002.  		 PMC1891343.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Res}  		17  (6)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Petrov and Hartl]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		\textit{},  		 			D A Petrov 		,  		 			D L Hartl 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Ponicsan et al.]{b33}\label{b33} 	 		\textit{},  		 			S L Ponicsan 		,  		 			J F Kugel 		,  		 			Ja; Goodrich 		,  		 			Kugel 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Häsler et al.]{b35}\label{b35} 	 		\textit{},  		 			J Häsler 		,  		 			T Samuelsson 		,  		 			K; Strub 		,  		 			Samuelsson 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Walters et al.]{b37}\label{b37} 	 		\textit{},  		 			R D Walters 		,  		 			J F Kugel 		,  		 			Ja; Goodrich 		,  		 			Kugel 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[ Genome Res]{b41}\label{b41} 	 		\textit{},  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.5290206.PMC1581435}{10.1101/gr.5290206.PMC1581435}.  		 16963705.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Res}  		16  (10)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Khajavinia and Makalowski]{b47}\label{b47} 	 		\textit{},  		 			A Khajavinia 		,  		 			W Makalowski 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Cobb et al.]{b52}\label{b52} 	 		\textit{},  		 			J Cobb 		,  		 			C Büsst 		,  		 			S Petrou 		,  		 			S Harrap 		,  		 			J; Ellis 		,  		 			Büsst 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Petrou and Harrap]{b53}\label{b53} 	 		\textit{},  		 			; Petrou 		,  		 			Harrap 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Lu]{b56}\label{b56} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Yi-Fan Lu 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Grünewald]{b58}\label{b58} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Thomas G Grünewald 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Bernard et al.]{b59}\label{b59} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Virginie ; Bernard 		,  		 			Pascale ; Gilardi-Hebenstreit 		,  		 			Virginie ; Raynal 		,  		 			Surdez 		,  		 			; Didier 		,  		 			Marie-Ming Aynaud 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3363}{10.1038/ng.3363}.  		 	 
\bibitem[Mirabeau]{b60}\label{b60} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Olivier Mirabeau 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3363}{10.1038/ng.3363}.  		 	 
\bibitem[Ahnert]{b63}\label{b63} 	 		\textit{},  		 			S E Ahnert 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Peng et al.]{b71}\label{b71} 	 		\textit{},  		 			C.-K Peng 		,  		 			S V Buldyrev 		,  		 			A L Goldberger 		,  		 			S Havlin 		,  		 			F Sciortino 		,  		 			M Simons 		,  		 			H E Stanley 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Li and Kaneko]{b73}\label{b73} 	 		\textit{},  		 			W Li 		,  		 			, K Kaneko 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Rands et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘8.2\% of the Human Genome Is Constrained: Variation in Rates of Turnover across Functional Element Classes in the Human Lineage’.  		 			Chris M Rands 		,  		 			Stephen Meader 		,  		 			Chris P Ponting 		,  		 			Gerton Lunter 		.  		 25057982.  		 PMC4109858.  	 	 		\textit{PLoS Genet}  		2014. 10  (7)  p. e1004525.  	 
\bibitem[An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome Bibcode:2012Natur.489...57T ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome’.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11247.PMC3439153}{10.1038/nature11247.PMC3439153}.  		 22955616.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode:2012Natur.489...57T},  				2012. 489 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Another source is genome duplication followed by a loss of function due to redundancy]{b45}\label{b45} 	 		\textit{Another source is genome duplication followed by a loss of function due to redundancy},  		 	 
\bibitem[Cidre-Aranaz and Tirode]{b61}\label{b61} 	 		‘Chimeric EWSR1-FLI1 regulates the Ewing sarcoma susceptibility gene EGR2 via a GGAA microsatellite’.  		 			Florencia ; Cidre-Aranaz 		,  		 			Franck Tirode 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.3363}{10.1038/ng.3363}.  		 26214589.  	 	 		\textit{Nature Genetics}  		47  (9)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kellis ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome’.  		 			M Kellis 		.  		 24753594.  		 PMC4035993.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.6131K},  				2014. 111 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hawkins et al. (2006)]{b42}\label{b42} 	 		‘Differential lineage-specific amplification of transposable elements is responsible for genome size variation in Gossypium’.  		 			J S Hawkins 		,  		 			H Kim 		,  		 			J D Nason 		,  		 			R A Wing 		,  		 			J F Wendel 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.5282906.PMC1581434}{10.1101/gr.5282906.PMC1581434}.  		 16954538.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Res}  		Oct 2006. 16  (10)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Marshall et al. (1994)]{b29}\label{b29} 	 		‘Dollo's law and the death and resurrection of genes’.  		 			C R Marshall 		,  		 			E C Raff 		,  		 			R A Raff 		,  		 			; Raff 		,  		 			Raff 		.  		 7991619.  		 PMC45421.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112283M},  				December 1994. 91 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Piegu et al. (2006)]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		\textit{Doubling genome size without polyploidization: dynamics of retrotransposition-driven genomic expansions in Oryza australiensis},  		 			B Piegu 		,  		 			R Guyot 		,  		 			N Picault 		,  		 			A Roulin 		,  		 			A Sanyal 		,  		 			A Saniyal 		,  		 			H Kim 		,  		 			K Collura 		.  		Oct 2006.  	 	 (a wild relative of rice) 
\bibitem[Pennisi (2012)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘ENCODE Project Writes Eulogy for Junk DNA’.  		 			E Pennisi 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.337.6099.1159}{10.1126/science.337.6099.1159}.  		 22955811.  	 	 		\textit{Science}  		6 September 2012. 337  (6099)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ludwig (2002)]{b51}\label{b51} 	 		‘Functional evolution of noncoding DNA’.  		 			M Z Ludwig 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00355-6}{10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00355-6}.  		 12433575.  	 	 		\textit{Current Opinion in Genetics \& Development}  		December 2002. 12  (6)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Biémont and Vieira ()]{b49}\label{b49} 	 		‘Genetics: Junk DNA as an evolutionary force’.  		 			Christian ; Biémont 		,  		 			C Vieira 		.  		 17024082.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode: 2006Natur.443..521B},  				2006. 443 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Goodrich (2010)]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		‘Genomic gems: SINE RNAs regulate mRNA production’.  		 			Goodrich 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2010.01.004.PMC2859989}{10.1016/j.gde.2010.01.004.PMC2859989}.  		 20176473.  	 	 		\textit{Current Opinion in Genetics \& Development}  		February 2010. 20  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Visel et al. (2009)]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Genomic Views of Distant-Acting Enhancers’.  		 			A Visel 		,  		 			E M Rubin 		,  		 			L A Pennacchio 		.  		 19741700.  		 PMC2923221.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode: 2009Natur.461..199V},  				September 2009. 461 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Johansen ()]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		‘Group I introns: Moving in new directions’.  		 			Johansen 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.6.4.9334}{10.4161/rna.6.4.9334}.  		 19667762.  	 	 		\textit{RNA Biol}  		2009. 6  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Fink ()]{b64}\label{b64} 	 		‘How much noncoding DNA do eukaryotes require?" (PDF)’.  		 			T M A Fink 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.005}{10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.005}.  		 18384817.  	 	 		\textit{J. Theor. Biol}  		2008. 252  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Nelson et al. (2001)]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		‘Human endogenous retroviruses: transposable elements with potential?’.  		 			P N Nelson 		,  		 			P Hooley 		,  		 			D Roden 		,  		 			H Davari Ejtehadi 		,  		 			P Rylance 		,  		 			P Warren 		,  		 			J Martin 		,  		 			P G Murray 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02592.x.PMC1809191}{10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02592.x.PMC1809191}.  		 15373898.  		 PMID 11237011.  	 	 		\textit{International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium},  				Oct 2004. February 2001. 138 p. .  	 	 (Nature. Bibcode: 2001Natur.409..860L.) 
\bibitem[Wahls ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		‘Hypervariable minisatellite DNA is a hotspot for homologous recombination in human cells’.  		 			W P Wahls 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(90)90719-U}{10.1016/0092-8674(90)90719-U}.  		 2295091.  	 	 		\textit{Cell}  		1990. 60  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mauger et al. (2015)]{b57}\label{b57} 	 		‘IFNL3 mRNA structure is remodeled by a functional non-coding polymorphism associated with hepatitis C virus clearance’.  		 			David M Mauger 		,  		 			David B Goldstein 		,  		 			Thomas J Urban 		,  		 			Kevin M Weeks 		,  		 			Shelton S Bradrick 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep16037}{10.1038/srep16037}.  		 26531896.  	 	 		\textit{Scientific Reports}  		4 November 2015. 5 p. 16037.  	 
\bibitem[Khurana (2013)]{b55}\label{b55} 	 		‘Integrative annotation of variants from 1092 humans: application to cancer genomics’.  		 			; Khurana 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1235587.PMC3947637}{10.1126/science.1235587.PMC3947637}.  		 24092746.  	 	 		\textit{Science}  		April 2013. 342  (6154)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Goodrich (2009)]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		‘InvAluable junk: the cellular impact and function of Alu and B2 RNAs’.  		 			Goodrich 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iub.227.PMC4049031}{10.1002/iub.227.PMC4049031}.  		 19621349.  	 	 		\textit{IUBMB Life}  		Aug 2009. 61  (8)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Doolittle and Ford ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Is junk DNA bunk? A critique of ENCODE’.  		 			W Doolittle 		,  		 			Ford 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221376110.PMC3619371}{10.1073/pnas.1221376110.PMC3619371}.  		 23479647.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode: 2013PNAS..110.5294D},  				 (USA)  		2013. 110 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Callaway (2010)]{b69}\label{b69} 	 		‘Junk DNA gets credit for making us who we are’.  		 			Ewen Callaway 		.  	 	 		\textit{New Scientist}  		Edward E. Max, M.D., Ph.D. 57 (ed.)  		March 2010. 56.  	 	 (Ayala FJ) 
\bibitem[Carey ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{Junk DNA: A Journey Through the Dark Matter of the Genome},  		 			Nessa Carey 		.  		2015. Columbia University Press.  	 	 (ISBN 9780231170840) 
\bibitem[Kaneko ()]{b74}\label{b74} 	 		‘Long-Range Correlation and Partial 1/falpha Spectrum in a Non-Coding DNA Sequence" (PDF)’.  		 			K Kaneko 			\mbox{}\\  				Bibcode:1992EL.....17..655L 			 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/02955075/17/7/014}{10.1209/02955075/17/7/014}.  	 	 		\textit{Europhys. Lett}  		1992. 17  (7)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Buldyrev et al. ()]{b72}\label{b72} 	 		‘Long-range correlations in nucleotide sequences’.  		 			S V Buldyrev 		,  		 			Goldberger 		,  		 			S; Al; Havlin 		,  		 			F; Sciortino 		,  		 			M; Simons 		,  		 			Stanley 		,  		 			He 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356168a0}{10.1038/356168a0}.  		 1301010.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode:1992Natur.356..168P},  				1992. 356 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Buldyrev et al. ()]{b75}\label{b75} 	 		‘Long-range correlations properties of coding and noncoding DNA sequences: GenBank analysis’.  		 			S V Buldyrev 		,  		 			A L Goldberger 		,  		 			S Havlin 		,  		 			R N Mantegna 		,  		 			M Matsa 		,  		 			C.-K Peng 		,  		 			M Simons 		,  		 			H E Stanley; Goldberger 		,  		 			A Havlin 		,  		 			S Mantegna 		,  		 			R Matsa 		,  		 			M Peng 		,  		 			C.-K Simons 		,  		 			M Stanley 		,  		 			H 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.51.5084}{10.1103/PhysRevE.51.5084}.  	 	 		\textit{Phys. Rev. E}  		1995. 1995PhRvE. 51  (5)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[
			Chen
		 (2009)]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘MicroRNAs: Control and Loss of Control in Human Physiology and Disease’.  		 			Chen 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00268-008-9836-x.PMC2933043}{10.1007/s00268-008-9836-x.PMC2933043}.  		 19030926.  	 	 		\textit{World J Surg}  		April 2009. 33  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Costa ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{Non-coding RNAs and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection},  		 			Fabrico Costa 		.  		2012. 1904455948. Morris, Kevin V: Caister Academic Press.  	 	 (7 Non-coding RNAs, Epigenomics, and Complexity in Human Cells) 
\bibitem[Morris ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		\textit{Non-Coding RNAs and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection},  		 			Kevin Morris 		.  		2012. 1904455948. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.  	 
\bibitem[Palazzo and Lee ()]{b50}\label{b50} 	 		‘Noncoding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?’.  		 			Alexander F Palazzo 		,  		 			Eliza S Lee 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00002}{10.3389/fgene.2015.00002}.  		 25674102.  	 	 		\textit{Frontiers in}  		 1664-8021.  		2015. 6  (2) .  	 
\bibitem[Graur et al. ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘On the immortality of television sets: "function" in the human genome according to the evolution-free gospel of ENCODE" (PDF)’.  		 			Dan Graur 		,  		 			Yichen Zheng 		,  		 			Nicholas Price 		,  		 			Ricardo B R Azevedo1 		,  		 			Rebecca A Zufall 		,  		 			Eran Elhaik 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evt028.PMC3622293}{10.1093/gbe/evt028.PMC3622293}.  		 23431001.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Biology and Evolution}  		2013. 5  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Waterhouse and Hellens (2015)]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Plant biology: Coding in non-coding RNAs’.  		 			Peter M Waterhouse 		,  		 			Roger P Hellens 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14378}{10.1038/nature14378}.  	 	 		\textit{Nature}  		25 March 2015. 520  (7545)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hartl ()]{b32}\label{b32} 	 		‘Pseudogene evolution and natural selection for a compact genome’.  		 			Hartl 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/91.3.221}{10.1093/jhered/91.3.221}.  		 10833048.  	 	 		\textit{J. Hered}  		2000. 91  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Tutar ()]{b30}\label{b30} 	 		‘Pseudogenes’.  		 			Y Tutar 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/424526.PMC3352212}{10.1155/2012/424526.PMC3352212}.  		 22611337.  	 	 		\textit{Comp Funct Genomics}  		2012. 2012. p. 424526.  	 
\bibitem[Zheng et al. (2007)]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		\textit{Pseudogenes in the ENCODE regions: Consensus annotation, analysis of transcription, and evolution},  		 			D Zheng 		,  		 			A Frankish 		,  		 			R Baertsch 		.  		June 2007.  	 
\bibitem[Ayala ()]{b70}\label{b70} 	 		‘Pseudogenes: are they "junk" or functional DNA?’.  		 			Ayala 		.  		 14616058.  	 	 		\textit{Annu. Rev. Genet}  		2003. 37 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Carroll (2008)]{b67}\label{b67} 	 		‘Regulating Evolution’.  		 			Sean B Carroll 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0508-60}{10.1038/scientificamerican0508-60}.  		 1844.  	 	 		\textit{Scientific American}  		May 2008. 298  (5)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mckie (2013)]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{Scientists attacked over claim that 'junk DNA' is vital to life},  		 			Robin Mckie 		.  		24 February 2013.  	 	 (The Observer) 
\bibitem[Ellis (2008)]{b54}\label{b54} 	 		‘Searching for functional genetic variants in non-coding DNA’.  		 			Ellis 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04880.x}{10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04880.x}.  		 18307723.  	 	 		\textit{Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol}  		April 2008. 35  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Orgel et al. (1980)]{b46}\label{b46} 	 		‘Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite’.  		 			L E Orgel 		,  		 			Fh; Crick 		,  		 			Crick 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/284604a0}{10.1038/284604a0}.  		 7366731.  	 	 		\textit{Nature}  		April 1980. 284 p. .  	 	 (Bibcode:1980Natur.284..604O.) 
\bibitem[Doolittle et al. ()]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		‘Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution’.  		 			W F Doolittle 		,  		 			C; Sapienza 		,  		 			Sapienza 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/284601a0}{10.1038/284601a0}.  		 6245369.  	 	 		\textit{Bibcode: 1980Natur.284..601D},  				1980. 284 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ohno ()]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		‘So Much "junk’.  		 			Susumu Ohno 		.  	 	 		\textit{DNA in Our Genome. Gordon and Breach}  		H. H. Smith (ed.)  		1972. 2013-05-15. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Eddy ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘The C-value paradox, junk DNA, and ENCODE’.  		 			Sean Eddy 		.  	 	 		\textit{Curr Biol}  		2012. 22  (21)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Palazzo et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘The Case for Junk DNA’.  		 			Alexander F Palazzo 		,  		 			T Gregory 		,  		 			Ryan 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351.ISSN1553-7404}{10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351.ISSN1553-7404}.  	 	 		\textit{PLoS Genetics}  		2014. 10  (5)  p. e1004351.  	 
\bibitem[Mattick and Dinger ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘The extent of functionality in the human genome’.  		 			J S Mattick 		,  		 			M E Dinger 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1877-6566-7-2}{10.1186/1877-6566-7-2}.  	 	 		\textit{The HUGO Journal}  		2013. 7  (1)  p. 2.  	 
\bibitem[Hebert (1999)]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		‘The modulation of DNA content: proximate causes and ultimate consequences’.  		 			Hebert 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.9.4.317(inactive2015-02-01}{10.1101/gr.9.4.317(inactive2015-02-01}.  		 10207154.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Res}  		April 1999. 9  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Subirana et al. (2010)]{b62}\label{b62} 	 		‘The most frequent short sequences in noncoding DNA’.  		 			J A Subirana 		,  		 			X; Messeguer 		,  		 			Messeguer 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp1094.PMC2831315}{10.1093/nar/gkp1094.PMC2831315}.  		 PMID.  	 	 		\textit{Nucleic Acids Res}  		March 2010. 19966278. 38  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Dileep ()]{b66}\label{b66} 	 		‘The place and function of noncoding DNA in the evolution of variability’.  		 			V Dileep 		.  		 doi:10.5779/ hypothesis. v7i1.146.  	 	 		\textit{Hypothesis}  		2009. 7  (1)  p. e7.  	 
\bibitem[Makalowski (2007)]{b48}\label{b48} 	 		‘The term "junk DNA" repelled mainstream researchers from studying noncoding genetic material for many years’.  		 			Makalowski 		.  		 17503549.  	 	 		\textit{Scientific American}  		May 2007. 296  (5)  p. .  	 	 (What is "junk" DNA, and what is it worth?) 
\bibitem[Stojic (2016)]{b68}\label{b68} 	 		‘Transcriptional silencing of long noncoding RNA GNG12-AS1 uncouples its transcriptional and product-related functions’.  		 			L Stojic 		.  	 	 		\textit{nature.com. Nature. Retrieved}  		21 Feb 2016.  	 
\bibitem[Vavouri (2008)]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘Tuning in to the signals: noncoding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes’.  		 			Vavouri 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2008.04.005}{10.1016/j.tig.2008.04.005}.  		 18514361.  	 	 		\textit{Trends Genet}  		July 2008. 24  (7)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Strub (2007)]{b36}\label{b36} 	 		‘Useful 'junk': Alu RNAs in the human transcriptome’.  		 			Strub 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-007-7084-0}{10.1007/s00018-007-7084-0}.  		 17514354.  	 	 		\textit{Cell. Mol. Life Sci}  		July 2007. 64  (14)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hardison ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘What fraction of the human genome is functional?’.  		 			R C Hardison 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.116814.110.PMC3205562}{10.1101/gr.116814.110.PMC3205562}.  		 21875934.  	 	 		\textit{Genome Research}  		2011. 21 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Smith (2013)]{b65}\label{b65} 	 		‘Widespread purifying selection on RNA structure in mammals’.  		 			M A Smith 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt596.PMC3783177}{10.1093/nar/gkt596.PMC3783177}.  		 23847102.  	 	 		\textit{Nucleic Acids Research}  		June 2013. 41  (17)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Worlds Record Breaking Plant: Deletes its Noncoding "Junk" DNA". Design & Trend (2013)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Worlds Record Breaking Plant: Deletes its Noncoding "Junk" DNA". Design \& Trend},  		May 12. 2013.  	 	 (References Références Referencias 1. Retrieved 2013-06-04) 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
