# Introduction

nalogous to the wires that connect different points in an electric circuit, axons are responsible for the transmission of information over the nervous system. The axon, as a part of a cell, separates the internal medium from the external one with the plasma membrane and any perturbations of a membrane potential (signal) conducted along the axon. The membrane potential is the result of ionic gradient currents perpendicular to the membrane.

The following events characterize the transmission of a nerve impulse (Figure 1):

? The resting potential describes the polarized state of a neuron (-70 mV).  1). A graded potential occurs in cell bodies and dendrites and is a local event that does not travel from its origin.

? Unlike a static graded potential, an action potential is dynamic and capable of traveling along with a nerve fiber. II.


# Cable Equation

Nerve impulses flow in only one direction, accompanied by currents across and along the axon trunk. Current across the membrane is In turn, these ionic currents give rise to longitudinal currents that allow the regeneration of the membrane potential changes in the axon [1]:
?? ?? = ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? , where V m = V in -V out is the membrane potential , ?? ?? = ???? 0 2??????/???? ?? = ? ???? ?? ?? ???? , (1)
where x is the axis along the axon, ?? ?? = ?? ?? ???? 2 is the resistance per unit length of the axon plasma.

The propagation of the action potential is described by the well-known cable differential equation [1][2][3]:
?? ???? ???? = ?? 2 ?? 2 ?? ???? 2 + ???,(2)
where ? = ? ab? m /2? i is the space constant and ? = k? 0 ? m is the time constant,
??? = ?? ???????? -?? ???????? = ?70????.
The evolution of any initial impulse ??(???, 0) is given by the integral
??(??, ??) = ???{ ?? ?? + ? ?? 4???? ? ??(???,0) ?????? ?????? [? ???????? ? ? 2 4???? 2 ]?????} ? 0 . (3)
The nerve impulse describing by this equation changes its form soon during propagation along with the nerve fiber. For example, for the evolution of ?-shape initial impulse, ??(??', 0) = ???????(?? ? ) integration leads to
??(??, ??) = ???[ ?? ?? + ? ?? 4???? ?????? (? ???? 2 4???? 2 )],(4)
that describes an ink drop diffusion in water, hence the nerve impulse spreads in space-time, distorting initial form, therefore the transmission information. Therefore, the transition of information through the nerve fiber should be occurring by a pulse-wave mechanism that does not change its initial shape.


# III.

A New Equation for the Signal Transmission 
?? ???? ???? ? ???? 2 ? ???? ???? ? 2 = ?? 2 ?? 2 ?? ???? 2 + ???(5)
where the constant parameter ? = ??? i U i /? 2 ?? i characterizes the longitudinal flow of substance. Introduction of dimensionless running wave variable ? = (x -wt)/?, where w is the speed of transmission of an electric signal (potential change) over the nervous system, gives ordinary nonlinear differential equation for perturbed potential
???? + ???? ? 2 + ( ???? ?? )??? + ??? = 0,(6)
where prime means derivative with respect ?.

The general solution of nonlinear equation ( 4), considering ?? = ??/?? is:
1 1 - ln 1 4 ( ) 2(
2 )
2 1 V C Cosh V C ? ? ? ? ? ? = + ? ? + . (7)
For the intensity of electric field corresponding to generated potential (5), we obtain
1 1 ( ) [1 1-4 1-4 ( )] 2 2 1 dV E V Tanh V C dx ? ? ? ? ? = ? = ? ? ? +(8)
Taking into account the following boundary conditions:
V(0) = V peak and V'(0) = 0,(9)
For constants C 1 and C 2 we obtain:

On The Propagation of Electric Pulse . 4
1 1 2 peak C V V V C V V V ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? =? ? ? ? ?
With the use of numerical values of parameters [4,5], we can establish the profile of the electric intensity in the running wave (Fig. 2). 


# Conclusion

Considering the longitudinal flow in the electrolyte of an axon plasma and introducing the substantial derivative, we have established nonlinear differential equation (3) describing signal propagation along with the axon fiber as a running wave without changing its profile in contrast to cable equation (2). The solution to this equation is obtained in the form of a running wave. The speed of this wave is  
![If a graded potential is sufficiently large, Na + channels open, and Na + on the outside of the membrane becomes depolarized (-70 to +30 mV). If the stimulus exceeds a certain threshold level (~-55 mV) -additional Na + gates open, increasing the flow of Na + , causing an action potential, which stimulates neighboring Na + gates to open. In this manner, the action potential travels down the length of the axon as opened Na + gates stimulate neighboring Na + gates to open? ? The inflow of Na + , K + channels open, allowing K + movement out of the cell causes repolarization by restoring the original membrane polarization by Na + /K + pumps in the cell membrane.](image-2.png "")
1![Figure 1: Events that characterize the transmission of a nerve impulse](image-3.png "Figure 1 :")




+ channels open, then positive potassium ions exit across the membrane and hyperpolarizes it (Figure
		
		
			

				


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		Physics of the nervous system
		
	




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		10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109540
		
		
	




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		Application of Physics in Medicine
		
			GMartin
		
		
			Abrahamyan
		
		
			2015
			263
			Yerevan
		
	
	Print




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			AhmadFarhan
		
		
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			2013
			1
			
		
	




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		Modeling of the Axon Plasma Membrane with the Effect of Cytoskeleton on its Membrane Protein Diffusion, Doctor of Philosophy thesis
		
			YihaoZhang
		
		
			2019
		
		
			University of Connecticut