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\title{Performance Analysis of Secure Integrated Circuits using Blowfish Algorithm}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{V. Kumara  Swamy}

             \author[2]{V. Kumara  Swamy}

             \author[3]{Dr. Prabhu  Benakop}

             \affil[1]{  Auroras Engineering College}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2012 Accepted: 2 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Security is an essential feature of Information Communication Technology (ICT). Information has to be encrypted at the transmitter side to maintain secrecy and decrypted at the receiver side to retrieve the original information for secure data transmission over insecure computer data communication networks. This paper analyzes the performance metrics of blowfish algorithm with and without Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL) style to incorporate security against differential power analysis. It compares Encryption Time (Et), Decryption Time (Dt) and  Total Time (Tt) of Blowfish, Modified Blowfish with and without WDDL logic for secure Integrated Circuits (SIC) [7, 8]. Modified Blowfish with and without WDDL logic yielded good results compared to Blowfish with and without WDDL logic implementation . This paper is implemented using Xilinx webpack9.2i with Verilog Hardware Description language (HDL).

\end{abstract}


\keywords{ICT, WDDL, SIC, bf, et, Dt, dpa and hdl.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
In the evaluation phase, each input signal is differential and the WDDL gate calculates its differential output. In the precharge phase, the inputs to the WDDL gate are set at 0. This puts the output of the gate at 0. During the precharge phase, the input vector of the combinatorial logic is set at all 0s. Each individual gate will eventually have all its inputs at 0, evaluate its output to 0, and pass this 0 value to the next gate. One could say that the precharge signal travels over the combinatorial logic as a 0-wave, hence, WDDL. They produce an all-zero output in the precharge phase (clk-signal high) but they produce actual logic when they it is let the differential signal through during the evaluation phase (clk-signal low). Comparing symmetric key algorithms, BF algorithm is fast, more secure with large key size and its chosen as choice of cryptographic algorithm to implement secure ICs against Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attack \hyperref[b11]{[10,}\hyperref[b12]{11]} using Wave Dynamic Differential Logic (WDDL).\par
In fig no.3, when clock is precharge mode (high), output is zero for both. When clock is evaluation mode (low), outputs are complemented and worked as XOR and XNOR. 
\section[{b) Blowfish Algorithm}]{b) Blowfish Algorithm}\par
Blowfish is a 64-bit block cipher \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b1]{2]} presented by Bruce Schneider and is a suggested replacement for DES (Data Encryption Standard). DES was the standard cryptographic algorithm for more than 19 years, but it is now accepted that its key size is too small for present usage. It has a variable-length key block cipher of up to 448 bits. Although a complex initialization phase is required, the encryption of data is very efficient. It suits applications where the key does not change often.\par
WDDL can be implemented for any logic design. Since the discussion moves around crypto processors, it would be wise to consider a cryptographic algorithm called Blowfish is a fast algorithm \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b9]{8]}.   
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Analysis of Blowfish Algorithm}]{Analysis of Blowfish Algorithm} 
\section[{b) Substitution Boxes (S-boxes)}]{b) Substitution Boxes (S-boxes)}\par
A substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithm used to obscure the relationship between the plaintext and the cipher text In general, an S-box takes some number of input bits, 8\textunderscore bit, and transforms them into some number of output bits, 32\textunderscore bit: an 8×32 S-box, implemented as a lookup table \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b2]{3,}\hyperref[b9]{8]} c) Feistel Function Block  
\section[{d) Modulo 32-bit adder}]{d) Modulo 32-bit adder}\par
To increase the speed of blowfish adders in this fig no.8 can be operated in parallel. one adder adds Two h-bit residues, X and Y to form their sum S1+2hCout1 .Another one is 3-operand adder that computes "X+Y+m". Note that if m=2n+1, we have h=n+1.It has been reported that if either Cout1 or Cout2 of this addition is '1' then the output is X+Y+m instead of X+Y. However, in the following we illustrate that only if the carry of "X+Y+m" is '1', it is sufficient to select it as the final output \hyperref[b3]{[4,}\hyperref[b10]{9]}  The sub-key generation unit expands the given 448-bit key into 14 sub-keys and 4 more subkeys are internally generated, each of 32 bits, so that they can be used at different stages in the algorithm. The sub key generation process is designed to preserve the entire entropy of the key and to distribute that entropy uniformly throughout the sub keys. It is also designed to distribute the set of allowed sub keys randomly throughout the domain of possible sub keys. Then bit wise XOR of the P-array and K-array is performed reusing the words from K-array as needed shown in equation no.3. P 1 = P 1 \textasciicircum  K ? P 14 = P 14 \textasciicircum  K 14 P 15 = P 15 \textasciicircum  K 1 ? P 18 = P 18 \textasciicircum  K 4 -\par
IV. 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
Encryption consists of sixteen rounds of operations. Each round-one operation consists of xor, 8-Volume XIII Issue XVII Version I The encryption and decryption modules are integrated in the top level module to obtain the blowfish crypto-processor and the simulation results are analyzed.\par
Blowfish Algorithm is implemented in four forms and compared its performance parameters which are given below in the table no.1 and the modified blowfish is producing better results than the normal blowfish. Analysis is done for blowfish with and without WDDL logic to secure the ICs against DPA attack by the hackers.\par
Comparison of Blowfish, modified Blowfish with and without WDDL logic is given below in the table no.1 and the corresponding bar charts are shown in the fig no.9, 10 and 11 for performance parameters Et, Dt and Tt respectively. Et: Encrypt Time, Dt: Decrypt Time, Tt: Total Time  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
In this paper, an implementation of Blowfish Algorithm is designed using WDDL Logic style. In the implementation bottom-up approach is used. The subkeys generated for a particular key can be used for the encryption of the entire data to be encrypted with that key. The sub keys are given in reverse direction of the decryption data path without changing the design for decryption. The crypto processor has been designed for the key size of 448 bits and plain text of 64 bits. The code for the implementation has been written in Verilog HDL. The functional verification has been done using the ModelSim 5. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Introduction}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{23}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}E}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{91011}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Figure 9 :Figure 10 :Figure 11 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.028333333333333332\textwidth}P{0.4007142857142857\textwidth}P{0.18214285714285713\textwidth}P{0.11738095238095239\textwidth}P{0.12142857142857141\textwidth}}
S\tabcellsep Name of Crypt-\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Performance parameters}\\
No\tabcellsep algorithm\tabcellsep Et(ns)\tabcellsep Dt(ns)\tabcellsep Tt(ns)\\
1\tabcellsep Blowfish\tabcellsep 98.663\tabcellsep 98.663\tabcellsep 99.395\\
2\tabcellsep Modified Blowfish\tabcellsep 70.08\tabcellsep 70.08\tabcellsep 71.067\\
3\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Blowfish with WDDL 107.62}\tabcellsep 107.62\tabcellsep 112.56\\
4\tabcellsep Modified Blowfish\tabcellsep 73.985\tabcellsep 73.985\tabcellsep 76.337\\
\tabcellsep with WDDL\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
