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\title{CAPTCHA: Attacks and Weaknesses against OCR Technology}
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             \author[1]{Silky  Azad}

             \affil[1]{  Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 5 April 2013 Accepted: 1 May 2013 Published: 15 May 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The basic challenge in designing these obfuscating CAPTCHAs is to make them easy enough that users are not dissuaded from attempting a solution, yet still too difficult to solve using available computer vision algorithms. As Modern technology grows this gap however becomes thinner and thinner. It is possible to enhance the security of an existing text CAPTCHA by system-apically adding noise and distortion, and arranging characters more tightly. These measures, however, would also make the characters harder for humans to recognize, resulting in a higher error rates and higher Network load .This paper presents few of most active attacks on text CAPTCHAs existing today.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{CAPCHA, human interactive proofs, recaptcha, optical character recog-nition, tessaract, security.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
APTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) \hyperref[b0]{[1]} , also known as Human Interactive Proof (HIP), is an automated Turing test in which both generation of challenges and grading of responses are performed by computer programs. CAPTCHAs are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) problems that cannot be solved by current computer programs or bots, but are easily solvable by humans. The term "CAPTCHA" was first introduced in 2000 by Von an et al., \hyperref[b0]{[1]} describing a test that can differentiate humans from computers. Under common dentitions, the test must be 1. Easily solved by humans 2. Easily generated and evaluated, 3. But, Not easily solved by computer Over the past decade, a number of different techniques for generating CAPTCHAs have been developed, each satisfying the properties described above to varying degrees. The most commonly found CAPTCHAs are visual challenges that require the user to identify alphanumeric characters present in an image Obfuscated by some combination of noise and distortion. Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1} shows examples of such visual CAPTCHAs.\par
Another example of an excellent CAPTCHA service is re CAPTCHA \hyperref[b1]{[2]} , re CAPTCHA is a userdialogue system originally developed by Luis von An, Ben Maurer, Colin McMillan, David Abraham and Manuel Blum at Carnegie Mellon University's main Pittsburgh campus.\par
It uses the CAPTCHA interface, of asking users to enter words seen in distorted text images onscreen, to help digitize the text of books, while protecting websites from bots attempting to access restricted areas . \hyperref[b0]{[1]} a) Applications of CAPTCHAs CAPTCHAs are used in attempts to prevent automated software from performing actions which degrade the quality of service of a given system. CAPTCHAs are also used to minimize automated postings to various sites.   
\section[{Related Work}]{Related Work}\par
Marti Motoyama, et al \hyperref[b1]{[2]} The Authors describes the reverse Turing tests, or CAPTCHAs, have become a ubiquitous defense used to protect open Web resources from being exploited at scale. An effective CAPTCHA resists existing mechanistic software solving, yet can be solved with high probability by a human being.\par
They have argued that CAPTCHAs, while traditionally viewed as a technological impediment to an attacker, should more properly be regarded as an economic one, as witnessed by a robust and mature CAPTCHA-solving industry which by passes the underlying technological issue completely. CAPTCHA over time \hyperref[b1]{[2]} CAPTCHAs are suitable for use with standard solver image APIs. The authors wrote the instructions "Find all cats" in English, Chinese (Simplified), Russian and Hindi across the top, as the majority of the workers speak one of these languages. They submitted this image once every three minutes to all services over 12 days.\par
Image to Text displayed a remarkable adaptability to this new CAPTCHA type, successfully solving the CAPTCHA on average 39.9\% of the time. Figure \hyperref[fig_2]{2shows} the declining error rate for Image to Text; as time progresses, the workers become increasingly adept at solving CAPTCHA.\par
Elie Burstein, et al, \hyperref[b6]{[7]} describe that the CAPTCHAs are designed to be easy for humans but hard for machines. However, most recent research has focused only on making them hard for machines. In this paper, they presented what is to the best of their knowledge the first large scale evaluation of CAPTCHAs from the human perspective, with the goal of assessing how much friction CAPTCHAs present to the average user. For the purpose of this study they have asked workers from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and an underground CAPTCHA breaking service to solve more than 318000 CAPTCHAs issued.\par
In the paper, "Text-based CAPTCHA Strengths and Weaknesses" by Elie Burstein and Mathieu Martin [4], The authors carry out a systematic study of existing visual CAPTCHAs based on distorted characters that are augmented with anti-segmentation techniques.\par
Applying a systematic evaluation methodology to 15 current CAPTCHA schemes from popular web sites, the authors find that 13 are vulnerable to automated attacks. Based on this evaluation, we identify a series of recommendations for CAPTCHA designers and attackers, and possible future directions for producing more reliable human/computer distinguishers.\par
In the paper, "Attacks and Design of Image Recognition CAPTCHAs" [6], the authors systematically study the design of image recognition CAPTCHAs (IRCs). They first reviewed and examine all IRCs schemes known to them and evaluate each scheme against the practical requirements in CAPTCHA applications, particularly in large-scale real-life applications such as Gmail and Hotmail. Then the authors present a security analysis of the representative schemes the authors have identified. For the schemes that remain unbroken,\par
In the paper they presented their novel attacks. For the schemes for which known attacks are available, the authors propose a theoretical explanation why those schemes have failed. The authors have attempted a systematic study of image recognition CAPTCHAs.\par
The authors provided a thorough review of the state-of-the-art, presented a novel attack on a representative scheme, and analyzed successful attacks on the other representative schemes. Learned from these attacks, the authors defined for the first time a simple but novel framework for guiding the design of robust image recognition CAPTCHAs.\par
The framework led to their design of Cortcha, a novel CAPTCHA that exploits semantic contexts for image object recognition. Their usability study showed that Crotch yielded a slightly better human accuracy rate than Google's text CAPTCHA. Cortcha offers the following novel features. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
It is possible to enhance the security of an existing text CAPTCHA by systematically adding noise and distortion, and arranging characters more tightly. These measures, however, would also make the characters harder for humans to recognize, resulting in a higher error rate. There is a limit to the distortion and noise that humans can tolerate in a challenge of a text CAPTCHA. Usability is always an important issue in designing a CAPTCHA. With advances of segmentation and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technologies, the capability gap between humans and bots in recognizing distorted and connected characters becomes increasingly smaller. This trend would likely render text CAPTCHAs eventually ineffective.\par
In the paper," The Robustness of Google CAPTCHAs" [5], they reported a novel attack on two CAPTCHAs that have been widely deployed on the Internet, one being Google's home design and the other acquired by Google (i.e. re CAPTCHA). With a minor This suggests that their attack works in a fundamental level. Their attack appears to be applicable to a whole family of text CAPTCHAs that build on top of the popular segmentation resistant mechanism of "crowding character together" for security. They also proposed a novel framework that guides the application of their well-tested security engineering methodology for evaluating CAPTCHA robustness, and proposed a new general principle for CAPTCHA design.\par
They concluded that CAPTCHAs are still a new research area. Open problems include the mislabeling problem. Of all the problems they discussed, mislabeling causes the most human errors. The authors may be able to solve this using collaborative filtering, where known human users rate images according to how well they evoke their label. They presented more images per round in the anomaly detection CAPTCHA to debate computer performance. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Future Scope}]{Future Scope}\par
A lot of work has been done in Enhancing CAPTCHA usability and Security one such example is use of re CAPTCHA \hyperref[b1]{[2]} , However emergence of recent advents and techniques made it more difficult to prevent automated bots and other dangerous spammers against CAPTCHA attacks. some techniques we have discussed in this paper provide more than 40\% success rate, and as the faulty CAPTCHA requests are reevaluated by the server and absence limiting count means that CAPTCHA decryption will be successful in consecutive attacks. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}CAPTCHA:D}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
? Protecting Email Addresses.\\
? Prevention from Scrapers.\\
? Online Polls. IP addresses of voters are recorded in\\
order to prevent single users from voting more than\\
once\\
? Preventing Dictionary Attacks. CAPTCHAs can also\\
be used to prevent dictionary attacks in password\\
systems.\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: ? Search Engine Bots. It is sometimes desirable to keep WebPages un-indexed to prevent others from finding them easily.? Preventing Worms and Spam. CAPTCHAs also offer a plausible solution against email worms and spam.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}? Preventing Comment Spam in Blogs. ? Protecting Website Registration.}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Bin and Zhu ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Attacks and Design of Image Recognition CAPTCHAs’.  		 			B Bin 		,  		 			Zhu 		.  	 	 		\textit{ACM, Microsoft Research}  		OCT 2010.  		 			Temple University, Computer and Information Science 		 	 
\bibitem[Luis Von An et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘CAPTCHA: using hard AI problems for security’.  		 			Manuel Luis Von An 		,  		 			Nicholas J Blum 		,  		 			John Hopper 		,  		 			Langford 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Theory and applications of cryptographic techniques (EUROCRYPT'03)},  				 (the 22nd international conference on Theory and applications of cryptographic techniques (EUROCRYPT'03)Eli Biham; Berlin, Heidelberg)  		2003. Springer-Overflag. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Bursztein et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘How Good Are Humans at Solving CAPTCHAs? A Large Scale Evaluation’.  		 			Elie Bursztein 		,  		 			Steven Bet Hard 		,  		 			Celine Fabry 		,  		 			John C Mitchell 		,  		 			Dan Jurafsky 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP '10)},  				 (the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP '10)Washington, DC, USA)  		2010. IEEE Computer Society. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Luis Von An et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Re CAPTCHA: Human-Based Character Recognition via Web Security Measures’.  		 			Ben Luis Von An 		,  		 			Colin Maurer 		,  		 			David Mcmillan 		,  		 			Manuel Abraham 		,  		 			Blum 		.  	 	 		\textit{Science}  		2008. 321  (5895)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Motoyama ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Re: CAPTCHAs: understanding CAPT-CHA solving services in an economic context’.  		 			Marti Motoyama 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the 19th USENIX conference on Security 28-28. v},  				 (the 19th USENIX conference on Security 28-28. v)  		2010.  	 
\bibitem[Motoyama et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Re: CAPTCHAs: understanding CAPTCHA-solving services in an economic context’.  		 			Marti Motoyama 		,  		 			Krill Levchenko 		,  		 			Chris Kanich 		,  		 			Damon Mccoy 		,  		 			Geoffrey M Volker 		,  		 			Stefan Savage 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the 19th USENIX conference on Security (USENIX Security'10). USENIX Association},  				 (the 19th USENIX conference on Security (USENIX Security'10). USENIX AssociationBerkeley, CA, USA)  		2010. p. .  	 
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\bibitem[Ahmad et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘The robustness of a new CAPTCHA’.  		 			Ahmad Salah El Ahmad 		,  		 			Jeff Yan 		,  		 			Lindsay Marshall 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on System Security (EUROSEC '10)},  				 (the Third European Workshop on System Security (EUROSEC '10)New York, NY, USA)  		2010. ACM.  	 
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\end{document}
