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\title{Classification of Facial Expressions based on Transitions Derived from Third Order Neighborhood LBP}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Vakulabharanam Vijaya  Kumar}

             \author[2]{Gorti Satyanaraya  Murty}

             \author[3]{Pullela S V V S R  Kumar}

             \affil[1]{  Anurag Group of Institutions}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2013 Accepted: 1 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The present paper extended the LBP transitions derived from second-order neighbourhood on to third order neighbourhood LBP (TN-LBP) and derived transitions on Trapezoid patterns for facial expression classification. The TN-LBP forms four Trapezoid Patterns (TP) i.e. top left, bottom right and top right, bottom left. So far no researcher carried out work on classification problem based on transitions on third-order neighborhood LBP. The present paper derived transitions on the two reciprocal ?Trapezoids of TN-LBP (T-TN-LBP) i.e. top left vs. bottom right. Each of these Trapezoids on TN-LBP will have five pixies and each of them will have 25 i.e 32 patterns. The present paper derived transitions on two symmetric T-TN-LBP. Based on this, facial expression recognition algorithm is built. The proposed approach is compared with the existing methods.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{classification, facial expression recognition, lbp transitions, third order neighborhood lbp, trapezoid patterns.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
maging understanding is one of the most important tasks involving a classification system. Its primary purpose is to extract information from the images to allow the discrimination among different objects of interest. The classification process is usually based on grey level intensity, color, shape or texture. Image classification is of great interest in a variety of applications. Most of the image analysis problems are related to the neighborhood properties. Each pixel in a neighborhood or image is considered as a random variable, x r , which can assume values x r ? \{0, 1?G-1\}, where G is the number of grey levels of the image. The probability P (x r = x r | r), where r is the neighbor set for the element x r . The Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1} illustrates different orders of neighborhood for a central pixel. Most of the research involved in image processing is mostly revolved around second order neighborhood only. This is because all the 8-neighboring pixels are well connected with central central pixels and the methods based on second order neighborhood are given extraordinary results in various issues. The present paper considering the difficulties and complexities involved in the third order neighborhood and derived a new, simple and efficient model for image analysis. 
\section[{Derivations of Transitions on Trapezoids of tn-lbp}]{Derivations of Transitions on Trapezoids of tn-lbp}\par
The proposed method evaluated transitions on "Trapezoids of Third Order Neighborhood of LBP (T-TN-LBP)" and based on this, derived various algorithms for the recognition of facial expressions. The proposed transition based T-TN-LBP consists of 7 steps as described below.\par
Step 1: Take facial image as Input Image (Img).  
\section[{II.}]{II.}\par
Step 3 : Crop the grey scale image.\par
Step 4: The present research evaluated TN-LBP on each 5 x 5 sub image. The TN contains only 13 pixels of 25 pixels of 5x5 neighborhood as shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1}. The TN-LBP grey level sub image is converted into binary sub image by comparing the each pixel of TN grey level sub image with the mean value of TN grey sub image. The following Equation.1 is used for grey level to binary conversion.TN-Pi= ? 0 if P i < V 0 1 if P i ? V 0 ? for i = 1,2,3\textbf{(1)}\par
Where V 0 is the mean of the TN sub matrix\par
Step 5: The present research for classification purpose considered the two reciprocal trapezoids i.e. Top Left (TL) and Bottom Right (BR) trapezoids of TN-LBP. The Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{2} shows TL and BR trapezoids of TN-LBP. The each trapezoid pattern consists of 5 pixels. The pixels P 1, P  Step 6 : Each trapezoid of TN-LBP consists of five bit patterns. The present research computed the transitions from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0. Generally in 5 bit patterns, 3 types of 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 transitions occur i.e. zero, two and four transitions. The proposed method, considers two and four transitions only, which accounts for 87.5\% of patterns.\par
Step 7 : Based on frequency occurrences of two and four transitions, the facial image is classified as one of the category (Neutral, Happiness, Sadness, Surprise, Anger, Disgust and Fear). 
\section[{Results and Discussions}]{Results and Discussions}\par
The proposed transition based T-TN-LBP method is experimented on a database contains 213 images of female facial expressions collected by Kamachi and Gyoba at Kyushu University, Japan  In the proposed "Transitions based on T-TN-LBP method", the sample images are grouped into seven categories of expression (neutral, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust and fear). Each T-TN-LBP consists of 5 bit pattern. It results a total of 32 bit patterns. This forms two-zero transitions i.e. the decimal value 0 and 31. The decimal values 5,9,10,11,13,18,20,21,22,26 results for 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 four transitions.The rest of the binary equivalent decimal values1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12,14,15,16,17,19,23,24,25,27,28,29, 30 results two transitions. The beauty of the proposed transitions on T-TN-LBP method is it evaluated the frequency occurrences of 2 and 4 transitions. This accounts a total of 87.5\% of transitions.\par
The proposed method not considered the zero transitions which accounts for 12.5\% of patterns. Further the proposed method evaluated the frequency occurrence of 2 and 4 transitions separately. The proposed method further evaluated sum of frequency occurrences two and four transitions of both TL and BR T-TN-LBP for the different facial expressions separately and listed in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. In the tables, STLT denotes sum of transitions (both 2 and 4) of Top Left Trapezoid and SBRT denotes sum of transitions (both 2 and 4) of Bottom Right Trapezoid. Further, the table also gives Total number of ( 2 and 4) transitions of both Trapezoids denoted as TBT in the above tables.  Comparison of The Proposed t-tn-lbp with Other Existing Methods\par
Table \hyperref[tab_8]{9} shows the classification rate for various groups of facial expression by the proposed T-TN-LBP method with other existing methods like feature-based facial expression recognition within an architecture based on a two-layer perception of Zhengyou Zhang \hyperref[b0]{[2]}, Facial expression analysis by Dela Torre et.al \hyperref[b1]{[3]} and Facial Expression Recognition Based on Distinct LBP and GLCM by Gorti SatyanarayanaMurthy et.al \hyperref[b2]{[4]}. These methods are implemented on Kamachi and Gyoba \hyperref[b3]{[5]} at Kyushu University-data set and compared with the proposed method. From table 9, it is clearly evident that, the proposed method exhibits a high classification rate than the existing methods. The graphical representation of this is also shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_6]{5}.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Step 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.059302325581395345\textwidth}P{0.19767441860465115\textwidth}P{0.33604651162790694\textwidth}P{0.19767441860465115\textwidth}P{0.059302325581395345\textwidth}}
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\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep P 4\tabcellsep \\
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P 5\tabcellsep P 6\tabcellsep P 7\tabcellsep P 8\tabcellsep P 9\\
\tabcellsep P 10\tabcellsep P 11\tabcellsep P 12\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep P 13\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
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6\tabcellsep KL.AN3.169\tabcellsep 748\tabcellsep 159\tabcellsep 907\tabcellsep 716\tabcellsep 187\tabcellsep 903\tabcellsep 1810\\
7\tabcellsep KM.AN1.17\tabcellsep 727\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep 879\tabcellsep 721\tabcellsep 153\tabcellsep 874\tabcellsep 1753\\
8\tabcellsep KM.AN2.18\tabcellsep 696\tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 863\tabcellsep 698\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep 867\tabcellsep 1730\\
9\tabcellsep KM.AN3.19\tabcellsep 699\tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 866\tabcellsep 732\tabcellsep 159\tabcellsep 891\tabcellsep 1757\\
10\tabcellsep KR.AN1.83\tabcellsep 727\tabcellsep 158\tabcellsep 885\tabcellsep 693\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 886\tabcellsep 1771\\
11\tabcellsep KR.AN2.84\tabcellsep 759\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 919\tabcellsep 723\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep 892\tabcellsep 1811\\
12\tabcellsep KR.AN3.85\tabcellsep 730\tabcellsep 161\tabcellsep 891\tabcellsep 730\tabcellsep 161\tabcellsep 891\tabcellsep 1782\\
13\tabcellsep MK.AN1.125\tabcellsep 708\tabcellsep 173\tabcellsep 881\tabcellsep 742\tabcellsep 162\tabcellsep 904\tabcellsep 1785\\
14\tabcellsep MK.AN2.126\tabcellsep 678\tabcellsep 184\tabcellsep 862\tabcellsep 733\tabcellsep 162\tabcellsep 895\tabcellsep 1757\\
15\tabcellsep MK.AN3.127\tabcellsep 704\tabcellsep 153\tabcellsep 857\tabcellsep 738\tabcellsep 151\tabcellsep 889\tabcellsep 1746\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.02415426251691475\textwidth}P{0.04370771312584574\textwidth}P{0.24499323410013532\textwidth}P{0.10121786197564277\textwidth}P{0.08396481732070366\textwidth}P{0.08051420838971583\textwidth}P{0.10581867388362652\textwidth}P{0.08396481732070366\textwidth}P{0.07821380243572394\textwidth}P{0.003450608930987821\textwidth}}
2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T-TN-LBP\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T-TN-LBP\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep S.No\tabcellsep Image Name\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\\
( D D D D ) F\tabcellsep 1 2\tabcellsep KA.DI1.42 KA.DI2.43\tabcellsep 831 788\tabcellsep 158 186\tabcellsep 989 974\tabcellsep 770 784\tabcellsep 163 175\tabcellsep 933 959\\
\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep KA.DI3.44\tabcellsep 795\tabcellsep 150\tabcellsep 945\tabcellsep 795\tabcellsep 175\tabcellsep 970\\
\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep KL.DI1.170\tabcellsep 820\tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 987\tabcellsep 749\tabcellsep 203\tabcellsep 952\\
\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep KL.DI2.171\tabcellsep 807\tabcellsep 184\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep 735\tabcellsep 192\tabcellsep 927\\
\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep KL.DI3.172\tabcellsep 742\tabcellsep 178\tabcellsep 920\tabcellsep 785\tabcellsep 173\tabcellsep 958\\
\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep KL.DI4.173\tabcellsep 758\tabcellsep 148\tabcellsep 906\tabcellsep 775\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 961\\
\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep KM.DI1.20\tabcellsep 822\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep 756\tabcellsep 171\tabcellsep 927\\
\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep KM.DI3.22\tabcellsep 820\tabcellsep 150\tabcellsep 970\tabcellsep 745\tabcellsep 184\tabcellsep 929\\
\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep KR.DI1.86\tabcellsep 819\tabcellsep 171\tabcellsep 990\tabcellsep 763\tabcellsep 145\tabcellsep 908\\
\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep KR.DI2.87\tabcellsep 843\tabcellsep 166\tabcellsep 1009\tabcellsep 726\tabcellsep 172\tabcellsep 898\\
\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep KR.DI3.88\tabcellsep 792\tabcellsep 156\tabcellsep 948\tabcellsep 778\tabcellsep 179\tabcellsep 957\\
\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep MK.DI1.128\tabcellsep 833\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 977\tabcellsep 794\tabcellsep 151\tabcellsep 945\\
\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep MK.DI2.129\tabcellsep 837\tabcellsep 132\tabcellsep 969\tabcellsep 789\tabcellsep 163\tabcellsep 952\\
\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep MK.DI3.130\tabcellsep 806\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 966\tabcellsep 764\tabcellsep 183\tabcellsep 947\\
\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep NA.DI1.214\tabcellsep 798\tabcellsep 182\tabcellsep 980\tabcellsep 767\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 953\\
\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep NA.DI2.215\tabcellsep 834\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep 1002\tabcellsep 765\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 925\\
\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep NA.DI3.216\tabcellsep 834\tabcellsep 164\tabcellsep 998\tabcellsep 773\tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 940\\
\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep NM.DI1.107\tabcellsep 818\tabcellsep 180\tabcellsep 998\tabcellsep 726\tabcellsep 170\tabcellsep 896\\
\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep NM.DI3.109\tabcellsep 821\tabcellsep 177\tabcellsep 998\tabcellsep 737\tabcellsep 189\tabcellsep 926\\
\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep TM.DI1.193\tabcellsep 754\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 969\tabcellsep 753\tabcellsep 212\tabcellsep 965\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.04468784227820372\textwidth}P{0.24299014238773273\textwidth}P{0.09589266155531215\textwidth}P{0.0819277108433735\textwidth}P{0.08099671412924425\textwidth}P{0.09961664841182913\textwidth}P{0.0819277108433735\textwidth}P{0.09589266155531215\textwidth}P{0.02606790799561884\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T-TN-LBP\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep T-TN-LBP\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
S.No\tabcellsep Image Name\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\\
1\tabcellsep KA.FE1.45\tabcellsep 796\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep 844\tabcellsep 194\tabcellsep 1038\tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep KA.FE2.46\tabcellsep 811\tabcellsep 178\tabcellsep 989\tabcellsep 820\tabcellsep 183\tabcellsep 1003\tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep KA.FE3.47\tabcellsep 783\tabcellsep 192\tabcellsep 975\tabcellsep 815\tabcellsep 189\tabcellsep 1004\tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep KA.FE4.48\tabcellsep 778\tabcellsep 206\tabcellsep 984\tabcellsep 826\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 1036\tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep KL.FE1.174\tabcellsep 778\tabcellsep 197\tabcellsep 975\tabcellsep 832\tabcellsep 192\tabcellsep 1024\tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep KL.FE2.175\tabcellsep 784\tabcellsep 205\tabcellsep 989\tabcellsep 851\tabcellsep 173\tabcellsep 1024\tabcellsep \\
7 8\tabcellsep KL.FE3.176 KM.FE1.23\tabcellsep 796 778\tabcellsep 197 198\tabcellsep 993 976\tabcellsep 843 782\tabcellsep 199 201\tabcellsep 1042 983\tabcellsep ( D D D D D D D D ) F\\
9\tabcellsep KM.FE2.24\tabcellsep 783\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 978\tabcellsep 774\tabcellsep 201\tabcellsep 975\tabcellsep \\
10\tabcellsep KM.FE3.25\tabcellsep 787\tabcellsep 181\tabcellsep 968\tabcellsep 809\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 994\tabcellsep \\
11\tabcellsep KR.FE1.89\tabcellsep 769\tabcellsep 196\tabcellsep 965\tabcellsep 832\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 1018\tabcellsep \\
12\tabcellsep KR.FE2.90\tabcellsep 792\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 978\tabcellsep 818\tabcellsep 183\tabcellsep 1001\tabcellsep \\
13\tabcellsep KR.FE3.91\tabcellsep 801\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 1001\tabcellsep 830\tabcellsep 197\tabcellsep 1027\tabcellsep \\
14\tabcellsep MK.FE2.131\tabcellsep 795\tabcellsep 184\tabcellsep 979\tabcellsep 844\tabcellsep 165\tabcellsep 1009\tabcellsep \\
15\tabcellsep MK.FE3.132\tabcellsep 802\tabcellsep 180\tabcellsep 982\tabcellsep 832\tabcellsep 174\tabcellsep 1006\tabcellsep \\
16\tabcellsep MK.FE4.133\tabcellsep 793\tabcellsep 165\tabcellsep 958\tabcellsep 812\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 1005\tabcellsep \\
17\tabcellsep NA.FE1.217\tabcellsep 793\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep 981\tabcellsep 801\tabcellsep 190\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep \\
18\tabcellsep NA.FE2.218\tabcellsep 783\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep 971\tabcellsep 824\tabcellsep 181\tabcellsep 1005\tabcellsep \\
19\tabcellsep NA.FE3.219\tabcellsep 797\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 1006\tabcellsep 856\tabcellsep 173\tabcellsep 1029\tabcellsep \\
20\tabcellsep NM.FE1.110\tabcellsep 773\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 973\tabcellsep 867\tabcellsep 162\tabcellsep 1029\tabcellsep \\
21\tabcellsep NM.FE2.111\tabcellsep 783\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 969\tabcellsep 820\tabcellsep 177\tabcellsep 997\tabcellsep \\
22\tabcellsep NM.FE3.112\tabcellsep 798\tabcellsep 184\tabcellsep 982\tabcellsep 825\tabcellsep 164\tabcellsep 989\tabcellsep \\
23\tabcellsep TM.FE1.196\tabcellsep 796\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1004\tabcellsep 833\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 1019\tabcellsep \\
24\tabcellsep TM.FE2.197\tabcellsep 814\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1013\tabcellsep 807\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1015\tabcellsep \\
25\tabcellsep TM.FE3.198\tabcellsep 793\tabcellsep 189\tabcellsep 982\tabcellsep 823\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 1023\tabcellsep \\
26\tabcellsep UY.FE1.152\tabcellsep 792\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep 842\tabcellsep 172\tabcellsep 1014\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.01168384879725086\textwidth}P{0.04819587628865979\textwidth}P{0.20446735395189003\textwidth}P{0.0890893470790378\textwidth}P{0.06645189003436426\textwidth}P{0.09054982817869416\textwidth}P{0.0927405498281787\textwidth}P{0.06645189003436426\textwidth}P{0.09054982817869416\textwidth}P{0.08981958762886598\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN -LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No Image Name}\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\\
Year\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep KA.HA1.29\tabcellsep 847\tabcellsep 207\tabcellsep 1054\tabcellsep 865\tabcellsep 220\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 2139\\
\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep KA.HA2.30\tabcellsep 847\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 1040\tabcellsep 857\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 1061\tabcellsep 2101\\
\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep KA.HA3.31\tabcellsep 823\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 1033\tabcellsep 887\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 1080\tabcellsep 2113\\
\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep KA.HA4.32\tabcellsep 832\tabcellsep 221\tabcellsep 1053\tabcellsep 874\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 2138\\
\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep KL.HA1.158\tabcellsep 809\tabcellsep 251\tabcellsep 1060\tabcellsep 878\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1086\tabcellsep 2146\\
\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep KL.HA2.159\tabcellsep 844\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1052\tabcellsep 864\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 1073\tabcellsep 2125\\
\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep KL.HA3.160\tabcellsep 839\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 1043\tabcellsep 859\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 1068\tabcellsep 2111\\
\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep KM.HA1.4\tabcellsep 839\tabcellsep 217\tabcellsep 1056\tabcellsep 829\tabcellsep 201\tabcellsep 1030\tabcellsep 2086\\
\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep KM.HA2.5\tabcellsep 849\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 1034\tabcellsep 865\tabcellsep 177\tabcellsep 1042\tabcellsep 2076\\
\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep KM.HA3.6\tabcellsep 782\tabcellsep 238\tabcellsep 1020\tabcellsep 810\tabcellsep 232\tabcellsep 1042\tabcellsep 2062\\
\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep KM.HA4.7\tabcellsep 831\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 1046\tabcellsep 842\tabcellsep 198\tabcellsep 1040\tabcellsep 2086\\
D D D D ) F\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep KR.HA1.74\tabcellsep 823\tabcellsep 217\tabcellsep 1040\tabcellsep 893\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1104\tabcellsep 2144\\
(\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep KR.HA2.75\tabcellsep 831\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 1035\tabcellsep 879\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 1089\tabcellsep 2124\\
\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep KR.HA3.76\tabcellsep 819\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1018\tabcellsep 864\tabcellsep 203\tabcellsep 1067\tabcellsep 2085\\
\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep MK.HA2.117\tabcellsep 827\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1038\tabcellsep 855\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 1055\tabcellsep 2093\\
\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep MK.HA3.118\tabcellsep 831\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 1016\tabcellsep 847\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep 1035\tabcellsep 2051\\
\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep NA.HA1.202\tabcellsep 835\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1043\tabcellsep 835\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1034\tabcellsep 2077\\
\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep NA.HA2.203\tabcellsep 833\tabcellsep 205\tabcellsep 1038\tabcellsep 859\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1067\tabcellsep 2105\\
\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep NA.HA3.204\tabcellsep 863\tabcellsep 196\tabcellsep 1059\tabcellsep 832\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 1018\tabcellsep 2077\\
\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep NM.HA1.95\tabcellsep 836\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1047\tabcellsep 851\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 1066\tabcellsep 2113\\
\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep NM.HA2.96\tabcellsep 842\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 1044\tabcellsep 869\tabcellsep 197\tabcellsep 1066\tabcellsep 2110\\
\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep NM.HA3.97\tabcellsep 857\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 1043\tabcellsep 858\tabcellsep 201\tabcellsep 1059\tabcellsep 2102\\
\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep TM.HA1.180\tabcellsep 826\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1034\tabcellsep 852\tabcellsep 232\tabcellsep 1084\tabcellsep 2118\\
\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep TM.HA2.181\tabcellsep 817\tabcellsep 236\tabcellsep 1053\tabcellsep 826\tabcellsep 262\tabcellsep 1088\tabcellsep 2141\\
\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep TM.HA3.182\tabcellsep 823\tabcellsep 223\tabcellsep 1046\tabcellsep 848\tabcellsep 238\tabcellsep 1086\tabcellsep 2132\\
\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep UY.HA1.137\tabcellsep 846\tabcellsep 222\tabcellsep 1068\tabcellsep 860\tabcellsep 213\tabcellsep 1073\tabcellsep 2141\\
\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep UY.HA2.138\tabcellsep 861\tabcellsep 212\tabcellsep 1073\tabcellsep 840\tabcellsep 228\tabcellsep 1068\tabcellsep 2141\\
\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep UY.HA3.139\tabcellsep 824\tabcellsep 213\tabcellsep 1037\tabcellsep 871\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 1071\tabcellsep 2108\\
\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep YM.HA1.52\tabcellsep 833\tabcellsep 220\tabcellsep 1053\tabcellsep 864\tabcellsep 206\tabcellsep 1070\tabcellsep 2123\\
\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep YM.HA2.53\tabcellsep 826\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 1040\tabcellsep 845\tabcellsep 216\tabcellsep 1061\tabcellsep 2101\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.04882506527415144\textwidth}P{0.20861618798955614\textwidth}P{0.09025239338555265\textwidth}P{0.06731940818102698\textwidth}P{0.0917319408181027\textwidth}P{0.09321148825065274\textwidth}P{0.06731940818102698\textwidth}P{0.0917319408181027\textwidth}P{0.09099216710182767\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No Image Name}\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\\
1\tabcellsep KA.NE1.26\tabcellsep 871\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 876\tabcellsep 227\tabcellsep 1103\tabcellsep 2188\\
2\tabcellsep KA.NE2.27\tabcellsep 868\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 1063\tabcellsep 898\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1109\tabcellsep 2172\\
3\tabcellsep KA.NE3.28\tabcellsep 863\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1062\tabcellsep 892\tabcellsep 223\tabcellsep 1115\tabcellsep 2177\\
4\tabcellsep KL.NE1.155\tabcellsep 861\tabcellsep 227\tabcellsep 1088\tabcellsep 864\tabcellsep 222\tabcellsep 1086\tabcellsep 2174\\
5\tabcellsep KL.NE2.156\tabcellsep 871\tabcellsep 220\tabcellsep 1091\tabcellsep 857\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep 1090\tabcellsep 2181\\
6\tabcellsep KL.NE3.157\tabcellsep 873\tabcellsep 226\tabcellsep 1099\tabcellsep 887\tabcellsep 220\tabcellsep 1107\tabcellsep 2206\\
7\tabcellsep KM.NE1.1\tabcellsep 844\tabcellsep 221\tabcellsep 1065\tabcellsep 898\tabcellsep 195\tabcellsep 1093\tabcellsep 2158\\
8\tabcellsep KM.NE2.2\tabcellsep 843\tabcellsep 242\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 861\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 1076\tabcellsep 2161\\
9\tabcellsep KM.NE3.3\tabcellsep 877\tabcellsep 208\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 866\tabcellsep 225\tabcellsep 1091\tabcellsep 2176\\
10\tabcellsep KR.NE1.71\tabcellsep 858\tabcellsep 207\tabcellsep 1065\tabcellsep 872\tabcellsep 223\tabcellsep 1095\tabcellsep 2160\\
11\tabcellsep KR.NE2.72\tabcellsep 862\tabcellsep 224\tabcellsep 1086\tabcellsep 876\tabcellsep 217\tabcellsep 1093\tabcellsep 2179\\
12\tabcellsep KR.NE3.73\tabcellsep 871\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep 1104\tabcellsep 878\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 1089\tabcellsep 2193\\
13\tabcellsep MK.NE1.113\tabcellsep 894\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 1079\tabcellsep 854\tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 1073\tabcellsep 2152\\
14\tabcellsep MK.NE2.114\tabcellsep 886\tabcellsep 203\tabcellsep 1089\tabcellsep 870\tabcellsep 221\tabcellsep 1091\tabcellsep 2180\\
15\tabcellsep MK.NE3.115\tabcellsep 861\tabcellsep 201\tabcellsep 1062\tabcellsep 926\tabcellsep 173\tabcellsep 1099\tabcellsep 2161\\
16\tabcellsep NA.NE1.199\tabcellsep 888\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 1102\tabcellsep 856\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 1058\tabcellsep 2160\\
17\tabcellsep NA.NE2.200\tabcellsep 873\tabcellsep 237\tabcellsep 1110\tabcellsep 857\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep 1090\tabcellsep 2200\\
18\tabcellsep NA.NE3.201\tabcellsep 900\tabcellsep 188\tabcellsep 1088\tabcellsep 886\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 1090\tabcellsep 2178\\
19\tabcellsep NM.NE1.92\tabcellsep 860\tabcellsep 191\tabcellsep 1051\tabcellsep 878\tabcellsep 230\tabcellsep 1108\tabcellsep 2159\\
20\tabcellsep NM.NE2.93\tabcellsep 876\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 1078\tabcellsep 878\tabcellsep 213\tabcellsep 1091\tabcellsep 2169\\
21\tabcellsep NM.NE3.94\tabcellsep 930\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 1140\tabcellsep 856\tabcellsep 205\tabcellsep 1061\tabcellsep 2201\\
22\tabcellsep TM.NE1.177\tabcellsep 855\tabcellsep 228\tabcellsep 1083\tabcellsep 865\tabcellsep 237\tabcellsep 1102\tabcellsep 2185\\
23\tabcellsep TM.NE2.178\tabcellsep 849\tabcellsep 245\tabcellsep 1094\tabcellsep 833\tabcellsep 289\tabcellsep 1122\tabcellsep 2216\\
24\tabcellsep TM.NE3.179\tabcellsep 834\tabcellsep 239\tabcellsep 1073\tabcellsep 882\tabcellsep 240\tabcellsep 1122\tabcellsep 2195\\
25\tabcellsep UY.NE1.134\tabcellsep 873\tabcellsep 204\tabcellsep 1077\tabcellsep 879\tabcellsep 213\tabcellsep 1092\tabcellsep 2169\\
26\tabcellsep UY.NE2.135\tabcellsep 874\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 1088\tabcellsep 854\tabcellsep 231\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 2173\\
27\tabcellsep UY.NE3.136\tabcellsep 881\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 1091\tabcellsep 873\tabcellsep 212\tabcellsep 1085\tabcellsep 2176\\
28\tabcellsep YM.NE1.49\tabcellsep 851\tabcellsep 215\tabcellsep 1066\tabcellsep 904\tabcellsep 194\tabcellsep 1098\tabcellsep 2164\\
29\tabcellsep YM.NE2.50\tabcellsep 888\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 1074\tabcellsep 872\tabcellsep 212\tabcellsep 1084\tabcellsep 2158\\
30\tabcellsep YM.NE3.51\tabcellsep 887\tabcellsep 214\tabcellsep 1101\tabcellsep 863\tabcellsep 223\tabcellsep 1086\tabcellsep 2187\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13144329896907217\textwidth}P{0.2804123711340206\textwidth}P{0.008762886597938144\textwidth}P{0.03505154639175258\textwidth}P{0.3242268041237113\textwidth}P{0.008762886597938144\textwidth}P{0.03505154639175258\textwidth}P{0.026288659793814433\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right T-}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep TN-LBP\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
S.No Image Name\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.106993006993007\textwidth}P{0.13968531468531467\textwidth}P{0.14562937062937062\textwidth}P{0.04755244755244755\textwidth}P{0.07132867132867134\textwidth}P{0.15157342657342657\textwidth}P{0.04755244755244755\textwidth}P{0.07132867132867134\textwidth}P{0.06835664335664335\textwidth}}
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
D D D D ) F\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Top-Left}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Transitions on Bottom-Right}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{T-TN-LBP}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No Image Name}\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep STLT\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep SBRT\tabcellsep TBT\\
1\tabcellsep KA.SU1.36\tabcellsep 1005\tabcellsep 231\tabcellsep 1236\tabcellsep 981\tabcellsep 235\tabcellsep 1216\tabcellsep 2452\\
2\tabcellsep KA.SU2.37\tabcellsep 973\tabcellsep 234\tabcellsep 1207\tabcellsep 974\tabcellsep 233\tabcellsep 1207\tabcellsep 2414\\
3\tabcellsep KA.SU3.38\tabcellsep 1006\tabcellsep 225\tabcellsep 1231\tabcellsep 983\tabcellsep 237\tabcellsep 1220\tabcellsep 2451\\
4\tabcellsep KL.SU1.164\tabcellsep 946\tabcellsep 265\tabcellsep 1211\tabcellsep 988\tabcellsep 238\tabcellsep 1226\tabcellsep 2437\\
5\tabcellsep KL.SU2.165\tabcellsep 975\tabcellsep 236\tabcellsep 1211\tabcellsep 991\tabcellsep 226\tabcellsep 1217\tabcellsep 2428\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.26951219512195124\textwidth}P{0.20317073170731706\textwidth}P{0.12853658536585366\textwidth}P{0.12853658536585366\textwidth}P{0.12024390243902437\textwidth}}
Image Dataset\tabcellsep Architecture based on a two-layer perception\tabcellsep Facial expression analysis\tabcellsep GLCM on DLBP of FCI Method\tabcellsep Proposed Method (T-TN-LBP)\\
Kamachi and Gyoba\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
at Kyushu University,\tabcellsep 80.29\tabcellsep 91.79\tabcellsep 96.67\tabcellsep 100\\
Japan-data set\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 9 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
The present paper derived new direction for various problems of image processing by deriving LBP on the third order neighborhood. The third order neighborhood consists of 12 pixels excluding centre pixel. This may lead to huge number of patters i.e. 2 12 . The U-LBP on third order neighborhood leads to a negligible percentage of patterns. To overcome this, the present paper proposed transitions on T-TN-LBP. The T-TN-LBP considered 87.5\% of transitions thus overcoming the disadvantage of U-LBP of third order neighborhood. The STLT, SBRT and TBT results of Table  {\ref 8} clearly indicates an average facial expression classification result of 58\%, 66\% and 100\% respectively.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
