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\title{Curvelets with New Quantizer for Image Compression}
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             \author[1]{Dr. G.Jagadeeswar  Reddy}

             \affil[1]{  EVMCET, Narasaraopet Guntur, AP, INDIA.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 April 2012 Accepted: 4 May 2012 Published: 15 May 2012}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper emphasizes on designing of a novice quantizer that is more suitable for compressing images through curvelet transform. This compression algorithm is tested on various images like plain, textured and building images. The results are compared with the existing techniques like curvelet with existing quatizer, wavelet with existing quantizer and wavelet with proposed quantzer. The proposed algorithm ?curvelets with proposed quantizer? outperforms the existing techniques. The performance is evaluated through visual clarity , Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and compression metrics such as Compression ratio and Bit-rate.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Quantizer, Compression ratio, Bit-rate, curvelet, wavelet 1. ECE Dept., EVMCET, Narasaraopet-522601, Guntur, AP, INDIA, Email: jagsuni@yahoo.com 2. EC}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Curvelets with New Quantizer for Image Compression G.Jagadeeswar Reddy ? , T.Jayachandraprasad ? , M.N.Giriprasad ? , M. Madhavi Latha ? \& T. Satya Savithri ¥\par
with variety of elongated shapes with different aspect ratios and are oriented at variety of directions. In particular, it has been designed for representing edges and other singularities along curves efficiently compared to traditional transforms, i.e. using very few coefficients for a given accuracy of reconstruction. Approximately for representing an edge to squared error 1/N requires 1/N wavelets and only about curvelets.\par
In this paper practical implementations of proposed compression method is focused. The next section discusses the quantizer design for proposed compression method, section 3 demonstrates the algorithm of new compression technique and section 4 explains the simulation results. Finally, the superiority of proposed technique over existing methods is demonstrated using PSNR and compression metrics. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Quantizer Design and Coding}]{Quantizer Design and Coding}\par
The uniform quantizer is the most commonly used scalar quantizer for transform based image compression due to its simplicity. It is also known as a linear quantizer since its staircase input-output response lies along a straight line(with a unit slope). Two commonly used linear staircase quantizers are the midtread and the midrise quantizers. a) Existing Quantizer From MATLAB tool box, it is observed that the quantizer is defined as: y=Q \textunderscore T(x) where:Q \textunderscore T(x) = 0 , if |x|<T Q \textunderscore T(x) = sgn(x) * [x/T], otherwise\textbf{(1)}\par
The input values for quantizer are created with evenly spacing and bin size(T) is assumed as 0.1. The quantization curve is as shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1(a)}. From the quantization curve, it can be said that the above quantizer is midtread.\par
For decompression, de-quantized values are computed using the following equation.Dq=sgn(Q) * (abs(Q)+0.5)*T\textbf{(2)}\par
Where Q are quantizer output values and Dq are de-quantized values. In the above equation 0.5 is chosen to get the de-quantized values at the mid-point of each quantization bin. De-quantized real values are shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1(b)}. 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ast few years have produced abundant results in compression techniques for images because they are being used widely in internet technologies etc. So far wavelet based compression of digital signals and images is a topic of interest. Throughout the scientific and engineering disciplines many hundreds of papers published \hyperref[b10]{[1]}\hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b3]{[4]}\hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]}\hyperref[b7]{[8]} in journals, in which a wide range of tools and ideas have been proposed and studied. The major drawback associated with wavelet based techniques are their inability to capture geometry of two dimensional edges, though they have proven their worth in number of fields. Hence, the field of image processing requiers a true 2-dimensional transform that can efficiently handle the intrinsic geometrical structure which is the key in visual information.\par
Candes and Donoho \hyperref[b8]{[9]} developed a new multi-scale transform which is called as the curvelet transform . It was the first proposed in the context of objects f(x 1 ; x 2 ) defined on the continuum plane (x 1 ,x 2 )ÎR 2 , which is Motivated by the needs of image analysis. The new transform is believed to capture image information more efficiently than the wavelet transform by giving basis elements in addition to having the qualities of wavelet. Basis functions in curvelets are It is known that the subinterval size of the midtread quantizer is larger than the midrise quantizer. Hence for the uniformly distributed input, the average quantization error of the midtread quantizer is larger than that of midrise quantizer. 
\section[{b) Proposed Quantizer}]{b) Proposed Quantizer}\par
The two constraints to be considered while designing quantizer are as follows: 1. Quantizer must have average quantization error as low as possible. 2. De-quantized values must be exactly at the midpoint of each quantization bin.\par
Since the source considered for compression application is uniformly distributed, midrise quantizer is preferred, which satisfies the first constraint.\par
To obtain the midrise quatizer and to satisfy second constraint, the midtread quantizer equations are restructured as:y=Q \textunderscore T(x) where: Q \textunderscore T(x) = 0 , if |x|<T Q \textunderscore T(x) = sgn(x) * ([x/T]+K)*T, otherwise\textbf{(3)}\par
The input values for quantizer are created with evenly spacing and bin size(T) is assumed as 0.1. Here K is a constant.\par
For decompression, de-quantized equation is modified as:Dq=sgn(Q) * ([abs(Q)/T]-M)*T\textbf{(4)}\par
Where Q are quantizer output values, Dq are de-quantized values and M is a constant.\par
The above equations are tested for different values of K and M. Finally for K=0.8 and M=0.3 the quantization and de-quantizion curves are efficient and the de-quantized values are exactly at the mid-point of each quantization bin as shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{2}. The quantization curve resembles midrise quantizer. Hence the proposed quantizer suits for the assumed uniformly distributed source, whose quantization equation becomes as:y=Q \textunderscore T(x) Q \textunderscore T(x) = 0, if |x|<T Q \textunderscore T(x) = sgn(x) * ([x/T]+0.8)*T, otherwise (5)\par
and the de-quantization equation as:Dq=sgn(Q) * ([abs(Q)/T]-0.3)*T\textbf{(6)}\par
Where Q are quantizer output values and Dq are de-quantized values.\par
The purpose of an entropy encoder (symbol encoder) is to reduce the number of bits required to represent each symbol at the quantizer output. For simplicity one of the entropy encoding technique i.e. an arithmetic coding, which is an integral part of MATLAB tool box has been used to serve the purpose. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{The algorithm}]{The algorithm}\par
The following steps are involved in the compression algorithm of Curvelet Transform. 1. Read input image f. 2. Apply the 2D FFT and obtain Fourier samples Curvelets with New Quantizer for Image Compression Based on the algorithm stated above, a compression technique has been developed for images of different sizes, which is tested using Curvlab \hyperref[b9]{[10]} and MATLAB tools. The algorithm developed is working to a satisfaction and results are encouraging in case of curvelets. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using the following metrics and index (1 2 1 2 ?[ , ], / 2 , / 2 f n n n n n n ? j n f n n 1 2 , 1 2 [ , ] ( )[ , ], j l j l f n n W U f n n = 1 1, 0 j n L ? <\par
where M 1 and M 2 are the size of the image. f (i, j ) is the original image, f (i, j) is the decompressed image. 
\section[{IV. Results and Discussion}]{IV. Results and Discussion}\par
In the simulation, the proposed algorithm is tested on various images like plain (Barbara), Building and Textured images. The results are presented in Figs.\par
3 to 5 and in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. The results indicate that there exists a qualitative difference between the methods considered for compression and reconstruction of image under test. The following observations are made from the results. 1. The curvelet with proposed quantizer algorithm enjoys superior compression ratio over wavelet with existing quantizer, curvelet with existing and wavelet with proposedquantizer algorithms. The performance is judged mainly through visual clarity and through PSNR. 2. The curvelet with proposed quantizer reconstruction displays higher sensitivity even at higher compression ratios. 3. In case of plain (Barbara) image the curvelet with proposed quantizer performs better at all compression ratios compared to other algorithms. When it is tested on Building and Textured images at low compression ratios curvelet with existing quantizer performs better compared to other algorithms, but at higher compression ratios curvelet with proposed quantizer outperforms the other algorithms irrespective of image.   
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
In this paper practical implementations of proposed compression method is focused, tested on various types of images and it is proved that curvelet with proposed compression algorithm outperforms the existing techniques even at higher compression ratios.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{35}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}3 .for in the range 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2012}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}. 2012 April}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{345}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Global}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
V.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Do and Vetterli ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Orthonormal finite ridgelet transform for image compression’.  		 			M N Do 		,  		 			M Vetterli 		.  	 	 		\textit{proc.IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP); sept},  				 (.IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing (ICIP); sept)  		2000.  	 
\bibitem[Rissanen]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Stochastic Complexity in Statistical Inquiry},  		 			J Rissanen 		.  		World Scientific. p. 189.  	 
\bibitem[Yip ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{The Transform and Data Compression Handbook},  		 			Pat Yip 		.  		2000. CRC Press.  	 	 (sept.) 
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